## PART 1: Chapters 1–10 — Questions 1–70
**Textbook:** *Fundamentals of Nursing*, 12th Edition
**Authors:** Patricia A. Potter, Anne Griffin Perry,
Patricia A. Stockert, Amy M. Hall
**Publisher:** Elsevier
**Target Audience:** Bachelor of Science in Nursing
(BSN) students in the United States
**Licensing Exam Alignment:** NCLEX-RN (2026 Test
Plan)
**Coverage:** Unit 1: Nursing and the Health Care
Environment (Chapters 1–5); Unit 2: Caring
Throughout the Life Span (Chapters 6–10)
**Questions:** 1–70
---
### Chapter 1: Nursing Today — Questions 1–8
**1. A BSN-prepared nurse is explaining the concept of clinical
judgment to nursing students. According to the NCSBN Clinical
Judgment Measurement Model, which cognitive operation involves
,interpreting clinical data to determine what the findings mean in the
context of the patient's situation?**
A. Recognize cues
B. Analyze cues
C. Prioritize hypotheses
D. Generate solutions
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** Analyzing cues involves interpreting collected clinical
data to determine meaning within the patient's context. Recognize
cues (A) is identifying relevant data, prioritize hypotheses (C) is
ranking possible explanations, and generate solutions (D) is
identifying possible interventions. This cognitive operation is central
to the Next Gen NCLEX-RN.
---
**2. A BSN-prepared nurse is discussing Florence Nightingale's
contributions with a student. Which contribution most directly
influences modern evidence-based practice?**
A. Founding the American Red Cross
B. Establishing nursing education based on formal principles and
systematic data collection
,C. Creating the first hospital in the United States
D. Developing the Theory of Human Caring
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** Nightingale established formal nursing education
grounded in sanitation, observation, and systematic data collection,
laying the foundation for modern evidence-based practice. Option A
is incorrect because Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
Option C is incorrect because Nightingale did not establish the first
U.S. hospital. Option D is incorrect because Jean Watson developed
the Theory of Human Caring.
---
**3. According to Benner's novice-to-expert model, a BSN-prepared
nurse with 3–5 years of experience who perceives clinical situations
as a whole and focuses on the most relevant aspects is functioning at
which level?**
A. Advanced beginner
B. Competent
C. Proficient
D. Expert
**Correct Answer: C**
, **Rationale:** A proficient nurse perceives clinical situations as a
whole, learns from experience, and identifies what is most
important. Advanced beginner (A) describes a nurse with limited
observational experience, competent (B) describes a nurse with 2–3
years of experience who can anticipate care needs, and expert (D)
describes a nurse with extensive experience who has an intuitive
grasp of situations.
---
**4. A BSN-prepared nurse is serving on a committee to improve
patient outcomes. Which action best demonstrates the nurse's role
as a change agent?**
A. Following established protocols without question
B. Identifying gaps between current practice and evidence-based
best practices
C. Avoiding participation in policy discussions
D. Delegating improvement efforts to administration
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** The change agent role involves identifying gaps
between current practice and best practices, advocating for
evidence-based changes, and facilitating implementation. Option A
does not demonstrate change agency, option C is inconsistent with
**Textbook:** *Fundamentals of Nursing*, 12th Edition
**Authors:** Patricia A. Potter, Anne Griffin Perry,
Patricia A. Stockert, Amy M. Hall
**Publisher:** Elsevier
**Target Audience:** Bachelor of Science in Nursing
(BSN) students in the United States
**Licensing Exam Alignment:** NCLEX-RN (2026 Test
Plan)
**Coverage:** Unit 1: Nursing and the Health Care
Environment (Chapters 1–5); Unit 2: Caring
Throughout the Life Span (Chapters 6–10)
**Questions:** 1–70
---
### Chapter 1: Nursing Today — Questions 1–8
**1. A BSN-prepared nurse is explaining the concept of clinical
judgment to nursing students. According to the NCSBN Clinical
Judgment Measurement Model, which cognitive operation involves
,interpreting clinical data to determine what the findings mean in the
context of the patient's situation?**
A. Recognize cues
B. Analyze cues
C. Prioritize hypotheses
D. Generate solutions
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** Analyzing cues involves interpreting collected clinical
data to determine meaning within the patient's context. Recognize
cues (A) is identifying relevant data, prioritize hypotheses (C) is
ranking possible explanations, and generate solutions (D) is
identifying possible interventions. This cognitive operation is central
to the Next Gen NCLEX-RN.
---
**2. A BSN-prepared nurse is discussing Florence Nightingale's
contributions with a student. Which contribution most directly
influences modern evidence-based practice?**
A. Founding the American Red Cross
B. Establishing nursing education based on formal principles and
systematic data collection
,C. Creating the first hospital in the United States
D. Developing the Theory of Human Caring
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** Nightingale established formal nursing education
grounded in sanitation, observation, and systematic data collection,
laying the foundation for modern evidence-based practice. Option A
is incorrect because Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
Option C is incorrect because Nightingale did not establish the first
U.S. hospital. Option D is incorrect because Jean Watson developed
the Theory of Human Caring.
---
**3. According to Benner's novice-to-expert model, a BSN-prepared
nurse with 3–5 years of experience who perceives clinical situations
as a whole and focuses on the most relevant aspects is functioning at
which level?**
A. Advanced beginner
B. Competent
C. Proficient
D. Expert
**Correct Answer: C**
, **Rationale:** A proficient nurse perceives clinical situations as a
whole, learns from experience, and identifies what is most
important. Advanced beginner (A) describes a nurse with limited
observational experience, competent (B) describes a nurse with 2–3
years of experience who can anticipate care needs, and expert (D)
describes a nurse with extensive experience who has an intuitive
grasp of situations.
---
**4. A BSN-prepared nurse is serving on a committee to improve
patient outcomes. Which action best demonstrates the nurse's role
as a change agent?**
A. Following established protocols without question
B. Identifying gaps between current practice and evidence-based
best practices
C. Avoiding participation in policy discussions
D. Delegating improvement efforts to administration
**Correct Answer: B**
**Rationale:** The change agent role involves identifying gaps
between current practice and best practices, advocating for
evidence-based changes, and facilitating implementation. Option A
does not demonstrate change agency, option C is inconsistent with
