PSYC 101 Exam 3 V2 | PSYC 101 General
Psychology | Actual Q&A with Rationale (PSYC101
Exam 3) | Portage Learning
1. A child in the preoperational stage of development is shown two identical glasses of water.
When the water from one glass is poured into a taller, narrower glass, the child states that
the taller glass now has more water. Which cognitive limitation is this child demonstrating?
A. Object permanence
B. Lack of conservation
C. Egocentrism
D. Abstract reasoning
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Conservation is the understanding that the physical properties of an object,
such as volume or mass, remain the same even if its appearance changes. According to
Piaget, children in the preoperational stage lack this concept because they focus on only
one dimension of the stimulus, such as height. This specific error demonstrates that the
child cannot yet mentally reverse the action of pouring the water back into the original
glass.
,2. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, an elderly individual who reflects on their life
with a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment has successfully resolved which developmental
crisis?
A. Generativity vs. Stagnation
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Integrity vs. Despair is the final stage of Erikson’s theory, occurring during
late adulthood. Individuals who achieve integrity feel that their lives have been meaningful
and worthwhile, allowing them to face the end of life with peace. Conversely, those who fail
to resolve this crisis may experience despair, characterized by regret over missed
opportunities and a fear of death.
3. Which of the following substances or conditions are recognized as teratogens that can
negatively impact prenatal development? Select all that apply.
A. Alcohol
B. Nicotine/Tobacco
C. Folic Acid
D. Radiation exposure
,E. Cocaine
F. Prenatal vitamins
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: Teratogens are environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, or viruses
that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Alcohol,
nicotine, radiation, and cocaine are all well-documented teratogens that can lead to
physical deformities, cognitive impairments, or behavioral issues. In contrast, folic acid and
prenatal vitamins are essential nutrients that support healthy fetal development and are
not considered teratogens.
4. In the context of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, an individual who refuses to
follow a law because they believe it violates universal ethical principles is operating at which
level?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Unconventional
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The postconventional level is the highest stage of moral reasoning in
Kohlberg’s framework, where morality is defined by abstract principles and values. At this
level, individuals recognize that laws are social contracts that should be followed, but they
, also believe that universal rights and justice take precedence over specific laws. This stage
is characterized by a self-chosen ethical code that may conflict with societal norms or legal
requirements.
5. Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys provided significant evidence that
attachment is primarily based on which of the following factors?
A. Contact comfort
B. Feeding and nourishment
C. Imprinting
D. Genetic relatedness
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Harlow’s experiments demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred a soft,
cloth-covered surrogate mother over a wire surrogate mother that provided food. This
finding challenged the prevailing view that attachment was merely a byproduct of the
mother’s role as a food provider. The study highlighted the critical importance of physical
warmth and ‘contact comfort’ in the formation of emotional bonds between infants and
caregivers.
6. A parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents
expect blind obedience and use punitive measures, is known as:
A. Authoritative
B. Permissive
Psychology | Actual Q&A with Rationale (PSYC101
Exam 3) | Portage Learning
1. A child in the preoperational stage of development is shown two identical glasses of water.
When the water from one glass is poured into a taller, narrower glass, the child states that
the taller glass now has more water. Which cognitive limitation is this child demonstrating?
A. Object permanence
B. Lack of conservation
C. Egocentrism
D. Abstract reasoning
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Conservation is the understanding that the physical properties of an object,
such as volume or mass, remain the same even if its appearance changes. According to
Piaget, children in the preoperational stage lack this concept because they focus on only
one dimension of the stimulus, such as height. This specific error demonstrates that the
child cannot yet mentally reverse the action of pouring the water back into the original
glass.
,2. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, an elderly individual who reflects on their life
with a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment has successfully resolved which developmental
crisis?
A. Generativity vs. Stagnation
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Integrity vs. Despair is the final stage of Erikson’s theory, occurring during
late adulthood. Individuals who achieve integrity feel that their lives have been meaningful
and worthwhile, allowing them to face the end of life with peace. Conversely, those who fail
to resolve this crisis may experience despair, characterized by regret over missed
opportunities and a fear of death.
3. Which of the following substances or conditions are recognized as teratogens that can
negatively impact prenatal development? Select all that apply.
A. Alcohol
B. Nicotine/Tobacco
C. Folic Acid
D. Radiation exposure
,E. Cocaine
F. Prenatal vitamins
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: Teratogens are environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, or viruses
that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Alcohol,
nicotine, radiation, and cocaine are all well-documented teratogens that can lead to
physical deformities, cognitive impairments, or behavioral issues. In contrast, folic acid and
prenatal vitamins are essential nutrients that support healthy fetal development and are
not considered teratogens.
4. In the context of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, an individual who refuses to
follow a law because they believe it violates universal ethical principles is operating at which
level?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Unconventional
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The postconventional level is the highest stage of moral reasoning in
Kohlberg’s framework, where morality is defined by abstract principles and values. At this
level, individuals recognize that laws are social contracts that should be followed, but they
, also believe that universal rights and justice take precedence over specific laws. This stage
is characterized by a self-chosen ethical code that may conflict with societal norms or legal
requirements.
5. Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys provided significant evidence that
attachment is primarily based on which of the following factors?
A. Contact comfort
B. Feeding and nourishment
C. Imprinting
D. Genetic relatedness
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Harlow’s experiments demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred a soft,
cloth-covered surrogate mother over a wire surrogate mother that provided food. This
finding challenged the prevailing view that attachment was merely a byproduct of the
mother’s role as a food provider. The study highlighted the critical importance of physical
warmth and ‘contact comfort’ in the formation of emotional bonds between infants and
caregivers.
6. A parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents
expect blind obedience and use punitive measures, is known as:
A. Authoritative
B. Permissive
