NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2027

NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2027

Question 1.
Acute renal failure

Correct Answer: Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic
with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well


Question 2.
Acute Pyelonephritis

Correct Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts
indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging


Question 3.
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)

Correct Answer: Goals of Treatment: Manage acute pain Promote passage of
stone Reduce size of stone Prevent new stone formation


Question 4.
Chronic Renal Failure

Correct Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria


Question 5.
Who is a candidate for dialysis?

Correct Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At
this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is
classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms. Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis. --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG
changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself
is not an indication for dialysis. --Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the
following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium,
Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol). --Fluid volume overload that is not
responsive to diuretics. --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the

, blood stream.


Question 6.
Stage I CKD

Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-120


Question 7.
Stage II CKD

Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-89


Question 8.
Stage III CKD

Correct Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59


Question 9.
Stage IV CKD

Correct Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR 15-29


Question 10.
Stage V CKD

Correct Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease <15 (dialysis) Once
Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or
kidney transplant


Question 11.
Complications of Decreased GFR

Correct Answer: Anemia Hypertension Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia Heart failure Left ventricular hypertrophy Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia Hyperparathyroidism Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)


Question 12.
GERD

Correct Answer: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50: -Dysphagia
(difficulty swallowing) -Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) -Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss -Melena -Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food