PHARMACOTHERAPY 3 EXAM 1 |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM PREP
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Updated Questions and Answers
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,What is the definition of diarrhea? - Acute < 14 days (infection based most likely)
- Persistent 14-30 days
- Chronic > 14 days
What is medication induced-casues of diarrhea? - Not all drugs cause diarrhea but it's very common that many ppl report having it
- Consider sorbitol (non-abrorbed sugar that can cause diarrhea)
What is chronic diarrhea and the possible causes? - Lasts > 14 days
- Infection
- IBD
- Malabsorption
- Tumar
- Drug
- Factitious
- Motility disturbance
What are the treatment pathways for chronic diarrhea? - 1st: TREAT THE CAUSE
- 2nd: No diagnosis, symptomatic therapy: hydration, d/c implicated drug, adjust diet,
loperamide or absorbent
What is Diphenoxylate/Atropine (Lomotil) or - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
Difenoxin/atropine (Motofen) mechanism and side effects? - Mech: opiate, delays transiti, prolongs contract, reg fluid movement across mucosa
- SE: atropine discourages abuse (decrease gastric motility)
What is Paregoric (camphorated tincture of opium) mechanism - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
and side effects? - Mech: opiate, delays transiti, prolongs contract, reg fluid movement across mucosa
- SE: Not used much; abuse potential
What is Octreotide (Sandostatin) mechanism and side effects? - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
- Mech: Synthetic somatostatin
- SE: Useful for diarrhea assoc w/tumors; carcinoid syndrome
Explain probiotics effectiveness for diarrhea. - Effective if over 5 mill. CFU or more per dose, if species is right, and disease
- Net one more stool per week (poor benefit)
- Duration depends; start at onset of symps and use until they stop
- Safe for everyone (infants and children, older adults)
- Use caution if immune compromised/vulnerable
,What is the definition of contripation? - Defined by quantity or quality diff from "normal" (normal unkn)
- Consider: BM freq, size, or consistency; straining; inability to poop at will; sensation of
incomplete evacuation
- Chronic = more than 3 months (very common)
What is medication induced causes of constipation? Lots of drugs have constipation as side effect
What is the treatment pathway of constipation? - Diagnosis
- Treat specific cause
- If no underlying diagnosis:
1. Diet: Increase fiber + bulk agents (takes while to see benefits)
2. Add osmotic lax trial 2-4 wks
3. Add stimulant lax if no relied or BM in 2 days
4. Lubiprostone or linaclotide trial
What are the fiber recommendations for constipation - Daily goal 20-30 g/day
treatment? - Ensure adequate fluid intake
- Gradually work up to goal to min ab distention and gas
What is methylcellulose? - Bulk forming agent
- Dose: Age 6+; cap or powder
- Mix w/8 oz of liquid
What is polycarbophil? - Bulk forming agent
- Dose: Age 6+
- Can absorb 60 x wt. in water
- Take with 8 oz water
What is Psyllium? - Bulk forming agent
- SE: Anaphylaxis possible
- Dose: Age 1+; cap or powder
- Mix with 8 oz of liquid
What is Guar gum? - Bulk forming agent
- Powder
, How long does it take for bulk forming agents to work? - symp relief in 3 days
- Watch sugar/calorie content
- Sugar-free versions available.
What is Docusate sodium/calcium? - Emollient/stool softener (works slowly/more of maintenance therapy and prevention)
- SE: Can cause throat irritation
- Dose: Age 2+; caps, liquid, enema
- Combo w/senna
What is Docusate potassium? - Emollient/stool softener (works slowly/more of maintenance therapy and prevention)
- Can be used rectally
What is Polyethylene glycol 3350 (Miralax)? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Dose: age 2+; daily dose should be sufficient
- mL/tsp, g, capful, packet
- Mix 4-8 oz liquid
What is Magnesium? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Dose: age 2+; PO, solution, IV
- Numerous salts
- mL vs. bottle
What is Lactulose/sorbitol/glycerin (sweeteners)? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Gen. daily dosing or less; OK FOR PEDs; liuid, suppository
- Mix lactulose w/juice, water, milk
What is sodium phosphate? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- SE: Use caution in CKD; bloating, abd pain
- Dose: Age 2+; solution, enema
- If PO take w/8 oz cool water plus 8 oz additional water
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM PREP
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep
,What is the definition of diarrhea? - Acute < 14 days (infection based most likely)
- Persistent 14-30 days
- Chronic > 14 days
What is medication induced-casues of diarrhea? - Not all drugs cause diarrhea but it's very common that many ppl report having it
- Consider sorbitol (non-abrorbed sugar that can cause diarrhea)
What is chronic diarrhea and the possible causes? - Lasts > 14 days
- Infection
- IBD
- Malabsorption
- Tumar
- Drug
- Factitious
- Motility disturbance
What are the treatment pathways for chronic diarrhea? - 1st: TREAT THE CAUSE
- 2nd: No diagnosis, symptomatic therapy: hydration, d/c implicated drug, adjust diet,
loperamide or absorbent
What is Diphenoxylate/Atropine (Lomotil) or - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
Difenoxin/atropine (Motofen) mechanism and side effects? - Mech: opiate, delays transiti, prolongs contract, reg fluid movement across mucosa
- SE: atropine discourages abuse (decrease gastric motility)
What is Paregoric (camphorated tincture of opium) mechanism - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
and side effects? - Mech: opiate, delays transiti, prolongs contract, reg fluid movement across mucosa
- SE: Not used much; abuse potential
What is Octreotide (Sandostatin) mechanism and side effects? - Rx anti-diarrheal agent
- Mech: Synthetic somatostatin
- SE: Useful for diarrhea assoc w/tumors; carcinoid syndrome
Explain probiotics effectiveness for diarrhea. - Effective if over 5 mill. CFU or more per dose, if species is right, and disease
- Net one more stool per week (poor benefit)
- Duration depends; start at onset of symps and use until they stop
- Safe for everyone (infants and children, older adults)
- Use caution if immune compromised/vulnerable
,What is the definition of contripation? - Defined by quantity or quality diff from "normal" (normal unkn)
- Consider: BM freq, size, or consistency; straining; inability to poop at will; sensation of
incomplete evacuation
- Chronic = more than 3 months (very common)
What is medication induced causes of constipation? Lots of drugs have constipation as side effect
What is the treatment pathway of constipation? - Diagnosis
- Treat specific cause
- If no underlying diagnosis:
1. Diet: Increase fiber + bulk agents (takes while to see benefits)
2. Add osmotic lax trial 2-4 wks
3. Add stimulant lax if no relied or BM in 2 days
4. Lubiprostone or linaclotide trial
What are the fiber recommendations for constipation - Daily goal 20-30 g/day
treatment? - Ensure adequate fluid intake
- Gradually work up to goal to min ab distention and gas
What is methylcellulose? - Bulk forming agent
- Dose: Age 6+; cap or powder
- Mix w/8 oz of liquid
What is polycarbophil? - Bulk forming agent
- Dose: Age 6+
- Can absorb 60 x wt. in water
- Take with 8 oz water
What is Psyllium? - Bulk forming agent
- SE: Anaphylaxis possible
- Dose: Age 1+; cap or powder
- Mix with 8 oz of liquid
What is Guar gum? - Bulk forming agent
- Powder
, How long does it take for bulk forming agents to work? - symp relief in 3 days
- Watch sugar/calorie content
- Sugar-free versions available.
What is Docusate sodium/calcium? - Emollient/stool softener (works slowly/more of maintenance therapy and prevention)
- SE: Can cause throat irritation
- Dose: Age 2+; caps, liquid, enema
- Combo w/senna
What is Docusate potassium? - Emollient/stool softener (works slowly/more of maintenance therapy and prevention)
- Can be used rectally
What is Polyethylene glycol 3350 (Miralax)? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Dose: age 2+; daily dose should be sufficient
- mL/tsp, g, capful, packet
- Mix 4-8 oz liquid
What is Magnesium? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Dose: age 2+; PO, solution, IV
- Numerous salts
- mL vs. bottle
What is Lactulose/sorbitol/glycerin (sweeteners)? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- Gen. daily dosing or less; OK FOR PEDs; liuid, suppository
- Mix lactulose w/juice, water, milk
What is sodium phosphate? - Osmotic laxative (FIRST LINE FOR CONSTIPATION)
- SE: Use caution in CKD; bloating, abd pain
- Dose: Age 2+; solution, enema
- If PO take w/8 oz cool water plus 8 oz additional water
