ATI ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY AND
INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION COMPLETE
EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in cell size (not number).
●● Physiologic hypertrophy
Answer: matched by increase in supportive structures (e.g., skeletal
muscle, reversible left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes).
●● Pathologic hypertrophy
Answer: a compensatory increase without better outcomes;
compensatory (kidney) or adaptive (cardiomegaly from prolonged high
BP).
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: Increase in cell number (not size), only in cells capable of
mitosis.
●● Physiologic hyperplasia
Answer: hormonal (pregnancy).
, ●● Non-physiologic hyperplasia
Answer: excessive hormones or growth factors (e.g., BPH, endometrium
growth, warts).
●● Metaplasia
Answer: Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another
less mature cell type in response to chronic irritation or hostile
environment (e.g., smoker's trachea: columnar → squamous; chronic
acid reflux: squamous → columnar).
●● Dysplasia
Answer: Abnormal change in cell size, shape, and organization of
mature cells. Pre-cancerous indicator (seen in uterine cervix, respiratory
tract).
●● Anaplasia/Neoplasia
Answer: New, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth; often malignant
(e.g., melanoma).
●● Hypoxia/Ischemia
Answer: Most common cause of cell injury. Inadequate oxygen due to
reduced blood flow → ATP depletion, failure of Na+/K+ pump, cellular
swelling, lactic acid buildup.
INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION COMPLETE
EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: Increase in cell size (not number).
●● Physiologic hypertrophy
Answer: matched by increase in supportive structures (e.g., skeletal
muscle, reversible left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes).
●● Pathologic hypertrophy
Answer: a compensatory increase without better outcomes;
compensatory (kidney) or adaptive (cardiomegaly from prolonged high
BP).
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: Increase in cell number (not size), only in cells capable of
mitosis.
●● Physiologic hyperplasia
Answer: hormonal (pregnancy).
, ●● Non-physiologic hyperplasia
Answer: excessive hormones or growth factors (e.g., BPH, endometrium
growth, warts).
●● Metaplasia
Answer: Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another
less mature cell type in response to chronic irritation or hostile
environment (e.g., smoker's trachea: columnar → squamous; chronic
acid reflux: squamous → columnar).
●● Dysplasia
Answer: Abnormal change in cell size, shape, and organization of
mature cells. Pre-cancerous indicator (seen in uterine cervix, respiratory
tract).
●● Anaplasia/Neoplasia
Answer: New, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth; often malignant
(e.g., melanoma).
●● Hypoxia/Ischemia
Answer: Most common cause of cell injury. Inadequate oxygen due to
reduced blood flow → ATP depletion, failure of Na+/K+ pump, cellular
swelling, lactic acid buildup.
