Bio Sci M122 Midterm Review Questions and Answers
Question 1.
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: Bacteria capture invader DNA spacers to target and cleave
future matching viral DNA.
Question 2.
Molecular cloning
Correct Answer: Producing many identical copies of a specific recombinant DNA
sequence.
Question 3.
Sigma factor
Correct Answer: Bacterial RNA polymerase subunit required for promoter
recognition and initiation.
Question 4.
Tertiary protein structure
Correct Answer: Overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide stabilized by R-group
interactions.
Question 5.
Diauxic growth
Correct Answer: Biphasic growth pattern where bacteria consume glucose first,
then switch to lactose.
Question 6.
Bacterial DNA packing proteins
Correct Answer: Histone-like proteins (not true eukaryotic histones) anchor
supercoiled loops.
Question 7.
Allolactose
Correct Answer: The inducer molecule that binds and inactivates the lac
repressor.
Question 8.
MRSA resistance mechanism
Correct Answer: The mecA gene encodes PBP2a, which has low affinity for
beta-lactams.
Question 9.
Lagging strand
Correct Answer: New DNA strand synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki
fragments.
, Question 10.
Plasmid
Correct Answer: Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA replicating
independently of the chromosome.
Question 11.
Enzyme denaturation
Correct Answer: Loss of 3D structure and catalytic function due to extreme heat
or pH.
Question 12.
Semiconservative replication
Correct Answer: Each daughter DNA molecule contains one parental template
strand and one new strand.
Question 13.
Aerobic respiration equation
Correct Answer: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ’ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Question 14.
Transcriptional control
Correct Answer: Regulating the rate of transcription; the most energy-efficient
regulation level.
Question 15.
Glycolysis net yield
Correct Answer: 1 Glucose yields 2 Pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH.
Question 16.
Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: Artificial combination of DNA from two different organisms.
Question 17.
Induced-fit model
Correct Answer: Active site and substrate adjust shapes for a tighter, highly
specific fit.
Question 18.
Leading strand
Correct Answer: New DNA strand synthesized continuously in the direction of
fork movement.
Question 19.
Operon
Correct Answer: A cluster of genes transcribed together as a single mRNA under
one promoter.
Question 1.
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: Bacteria capture invader DNA spacers to target and cleave
future matching viral DNA.
Question 2.
Molecular cloning
Correct Answer: Producing many identical copies of a specific recombinant DNA
sequence.
Question 3.
Sigma factor
Correct Answer: Bacterial RNA polymerase subunit required for promoter
recognition and initiation.
Question 4.
Tertiary protein structure
Correct Answer: Overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide stabilized by R-group
interactions.
Question 5.
Diauxic growth
Correct Answer: Biphasic growth pattern where bacteria consume glucose first,
then switch to lactose.
Question 6.
Bacterial DNA packing proteins
Correct Answer: Histone-like proteins (not true eukaryotic histones) anchor
supercoiled loops.
Question 7.
Allolactose
Correct Answer: The inducer molecule that binds and inactivates the lac
repressor.
Question 8.
MRSA resistance mechanism
Correct Answer: The mecA gene encodes PBP2a, which has low affinity for
beta-lactams.
Question 9.
Lagging strand
Correct Answer: New DNA strand synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki
fragments.
, Question 10.
Plasmid
Correct Answer: Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA replicating
independently of the chromosome.
Question 11.
Enzyme denaturation
Correct Answer: Loss of 3D structure and catalytic function due to extreme heat
or pH.
Question 12.
Semiconservative replication
Correct Answer: Each daughter DNA molecule contains one parental template
strand and one new strand.
Question 13.
Aerobic respiration equation
Correct Answer: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ’ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Question 14.
Transcriptional control
Correct Answer: Regulating the rate of transcription; the most energy-efficient
regulation level.
Question 15.
Glycolysis net yield
Correct Answer: 1 Glucose yields 2 Pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH.
Question 16.
Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: Artificial combination of DNA from two different organisms.
Question 17.
Induced-fit model
Correct Answer: Active site and substrate adjust shapes for a tighter, highly
specific fit.
Question 18.
Leading strand
Correct Answer: New DNA strand synthesized continuously in the direction of
fork movement.
Question 19.
Operon
Correct Answer: A cluster of genes transcribed together as a single mRNA under
one promoter.
