Exam 3 NSG 3850 notes with codes.
NSG 3850 Exam 3 Notes with Codes
Below is a comprehensive review for NSG 3850 Pathophysiology for Nurses II
Exam 3, covering key topics from multiple verified test banks and study guides for
the 2025/2026 academic year. All answers are verified and include detailed
rationales .
Part 1: Renal and Urinary System Disorders
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Q1. What are the three criteria for diagnosing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
| Criterion | Definition |
|:|:|
| Urine Output | < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 hours |
| Serum Creatinine | Increase > 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours |
| Serum Creatinine | Increase to > 1.5 times baseline within 7 days |
Rationale: These criteria help identify AKI based on RIFLE or KDIGO
classification systems, requiring monitoring of urine output and serum creatinine
levels .
1
,Q2. Which laboratory finding distinguishes prerenal AKI from intrinsic renal
failure?
A) Urine sodium > 40 mEq/L
B) Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) < 1%
C) Urine osmolality < 350 mOsm/kg
D) Urine sodium < 10 mEq/L
Answer: B – FeNa < 1%
Rationale: In prerenal AKI, the kidney retains sodium to preserve volume, resulting
in FeNa <1%. In intrinsic renal failure, the kidney cannot reabsorb sodium,
resulting in FeNa >2% .
Q3. A patient with AKI has a potassium level of 6.9 mEq/L with ECG changes.
What is the priority action?
A) Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
2
,B) Give IV insulin and dextrose
C) Give IV calcium gluconate
D) Prepare for hemodialysis
Answer: C – Give IV calcium gluconate
Rationale: Calcium gluconate stabilizes the cardiac membrane and prevents
arrhythmias immediately. It does not lower potassium but buys time while other
treatments (insulin/glucose, Kayexalate) take effect .
Q4. A patient with AKI and metabolic acidosis has which ABG findings?
A) pH 7.48, PaCO₂ 30, HCO₃ 28
B) pH 7.32, PaCO₂ 32, HCO₃ 18
C) pH 7.40, PaCO₂ 40, HCO₃ 24
D) pH 7.28, PaCO₂ 55, HCO₃ 24
Answer: B – pH 7.32, PaCO₂ 32, HCO₃ 18
3
, Rationale: Metabolic acidosis shows low pH and low HCO₃ (bicarbonate deficit).
Respiratory compensation causes low PaCO₂ (hyperventilation). This is metabolic
acidosis with partial respiratory compensation .
Q5. The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis is:
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Escherichia coli
C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: B – Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is the most common organism associated with acute
pyelonephritis, typically ascending from the lower urinary tract .
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Q6. What is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults?
4
NSG 3850 Exam 3 Notes with Codes
Below is a comprehensive review for NSG 3850 Pathophysiology for Nurses II
Exam 3, covering key topics from multiple verified test banks and study guides for
the 2025/2026 academic year. All answers are verified and include detailed
rationales .
Part 1: Renal and Urinary System Disorders
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Q1. What are the three criteria for diagnosing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
| Criterion | Definition |
|:|:|
| Urine Output | < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 hours |
| Serum Creatinine | Increase > 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours |
| Serum Creatinine | Increase to > 1.5 times baseline within 7 days |
Rationale: These criteria help identify AKI based on RIFLE or KDIGO
classification systems, requiring monitoring of urine output and serum creatinine
levels .
1
,Q2. Which laboratory finding distinguishes prerenal AKI from intrinsic renal
failure?
A) Urine sodium > 40 mEq/L
B) Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) < 1%
C) Urine osmolality < 350 mOsm/kg
D) Urine sodium < 10 mEq/L
Answer: B – FeNa < 1%
Rationale: In prerenal AKI, the kidney retains sodium to preserve volume, resulting
in FeNa <1%. In intrinsic renal failure, the kidney cannot reabsorb sodium,
resulting in FeNa >2% .
Q3. A patient with AKI has a potassium level of 6.9 mEq/L with ECG changes.
What is the priority action?
A) Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
2
,B) Give IV insulin and dextrose
C) Give IV calcium gluconate
D) Prepare for hemodialysis
Answer: C – Give IV calcium gluconate
Rationale: Calcium gluconate stabilizes the cardiac membrane and prevents
arrhythmias immediately. It does not lower potassium but buys time while other
treatments (insulin/glucose, Kayexalate) take effect .
Q4. A patient with AKI and metabolic acidosis has which ABG findings?
A) pH 7.48, PaCO₂ 30, HCO₃ 28
B) pH 7.32, PaCO₂ 32, HCO₃ 18
C) pH 7.40, PaCO₂ 40, HCO₃ 24
D) pH 7.28, PaCO₂ 55, HCO₃ 24
Answer: B – pH 7.32, PaCO₂ 32, HCO₃ 18
3
, Rationale: Metabolic acidosis shows low pH and low HCO₃ (bicarbonate deficit).
Respiratory compensation causes low PaCO₂ (hyperventilation). This is metabolic
acidosis with partial respiratory compensation .
Q5. The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis is:
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Escherichia coli
C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: B – Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is the most common organism associated with acute
pyelonephritis, typically ascending from the lower urinary tract .
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Q6. What is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults?
4
