PBIO 1000 - EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
How long ago was trade used to obtain cloves, nutmeg, and other valuable spices? -
Answers - - The Netherlands United East India Company, or Voc, was the world's first
multinational corporation and sought to seize control of the spice population
- world trade emerged at the industrial revolution, since the early 1800s, but clove trade
had been going on since the 1600s
Why was trade necessary to obtain cloves, nutmeg, and other valuable spices? -
Answers - because the The Netherlands United East India Company (VOC) created a
monopoly through extirpation (killed all cloves not owned by them, killed male
population of Banada islands who had nutmeg) and kept supply low to keep prices high
Describe possible consequences of trade on natural populations of plant resources,
using cloves as an example. - Answers - in order to monopolize plant genes, the VOC
killed any clove trees they didn't control, which put a major dent in the population
Name the two key processes central to globalization and the benefits it brings, as
described in the World Trade Report. - Answers - -industrialization/technological
advances
-increased communication
- these reduce cost of moving goods, capital, tech, and people around the globe
- DEATH OF DISTANCE
Describe the types of transportation that have been used to move goods around the
globe throughout history. - Answers - - steam power (steamships) could cross the
oceans (especially with opening of Suez Canal to create a shortcut from asia to europe)
- railways (especially in US)
Identify factors discussed throughout the reading that led to lower transportation costs.
Explain how these declining costs and increased infrastructure influenced the extent of
trade networks. - Answers - - steamships replaced wooden vessels, railways replaced
horses
- faster and more efficient transportation meant cheaper
Describe how greater access to natural resources (raw materials or primary products) in
some countries affected their relationship to other countries and their own development
in an increasingly industrialized world. - Answers - - growing dependence on raw
material exports from poorer countries prevented these countries from industrializing
- industrialized countries access to cheap raw materials and vast markets for
manufactured goods allowed them to advance at a much greater pace
, Suggest how trade in goods and services could be modified to reduce our carbon
footprint. - Answers - - more electric and diesel, less coal-burning carriers
Describe how fossil fuels form, identifying the original source of materials and the
processes and conditions that led to their formation. - Answers - - form from prehistoric
plants and animals
- hundreds of millions of years ago, millions of years before first dinosaurs
- living things died, decomposed, and became buried under layers of earth
OIL/NAT GAS: organisms die and are buried under ocean/river sediments. once these
bodies of water vanish, heat, pressure, and bacteria compress and cook the matter. oil
forms first, but if left deep underground, natural gas will form. caprocks prevent them
from seeping up the surface
COAL: from dead remains of trees/ferns/plants 300-400 mya, in swamps that were
either seawater (high sulfur) or freshwater (low sulfur)
Distinguish non-renewable from renewable energies and classify fossil fuels. Name the
four main categories of nonrenewable fuel and state which of these are fossil fuels. -
Answers - - energy sources are considered nonrenewable if they cannot be replenished
in a short period of time
4 CATEGORIES: crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium (nuclear energy, not a fossil fuel)
Know the approximate percentage of fossil fuels that are used for transportation and the
main type of fuels used for this purpose. [After class, you will need to know the current
number on the PowerPoint] - Answers - - petroleum products provide 92% of total
energy US transportation sector uses
- gasoline is the most common fuel in the US, at 56%
- roughly 91% of US transportation sources are fossil fuels
Outline the life cycle stages of each of the major fossil fuels. At each stage identify at
least two health or economic costs associated with that stage. COAL - Answers - -
produced through surface or underground mining, which is dangerous for workers
(falling items, falls into shaft, machinery, gas inhalation, cave-ins, explosions, floods,
disease from respiratory exposure)
- mountaintop removal results in ecological damage and stress to nearby communities
- after mining, processed and transported, resulting in dust exposure, noise, carcinogen
exposure, ergonomic hazard
- transported by train (fatalities from crashes, dust exposure, noise)
- combustion has heaviest health burden
- primary pollutants: CO2, CO, SO, NO, organic compounds, PM, mercury (neurotoxin)
- secondary: ozone, PM components (sulfate, nitrates), organic vapours
ANSWERS
How long ago was trade used to obtain cloves, nutmeg, and other valuable spices? -
Answers - - The Netherlands United East India Company, or Voc, was the world's first
multinational corporation and sought to seize control of the spice population
- world trade emerged at the industrial revolution, since the early 1800s, but clove trade
had been going on since the 1600s
Why was trade necessary to obtain cloves, nutmeg, and other valuable spices? -
Answers - because the The Netherlands United East India Company (VOC) created a
monopoly through extirpation (killed all cloves not owned by them, killed male
population of Banada islands who had nutmeg) and kept supply low to keep prices high
Describe possible consequences of trade on natural populations of plant resources,
using cloves as an example. - Answers - in order to monopolize plant genes, the VOC
killed any clove trees they didn't control, which put a major dent in the population
Name the two key processes central to globalization and the benefits it brings, as
described in the World Trade Report. - Answers - -industrialization/technological
advances
-increased communication
- these reduce cost of moving goods, capital, tech, and people around the globe
- DEATH OF DISTANCE
Describe the types of transportation that have been used to move goods around the
globe throughout history. - Answers - - steam power (steamships) could cross the
oceans (especially with opening of Suez Canal to create a shortcut from asia to europe)
- railways (especially in US)
Identify factors discussed throughout the reading that led to lower transportation costs.
Explain how these declining costs and increased infrastructure influenced the extent of
trade networks. - Answers - - steamships replaced wooden vessels, railways replaced
horses
- faster and more efficient transportation meant cheaper
Describe how greater access to natural resources (raw materials or primary products) in
some countries affected their relationship to other countries and their own development
in an increasingly industrialized world. - Answers - - growing dependence on raw
material exports from poorer countries prevented these countries from industrializing
- industrialized countries access to cheap raw materials and vast markets for
manufactured goods allowed them to advance at a much greater pace
, Suggest how trade in goods and services could be modified to reduce our carbon
footprint. - Answers - - more electric and diesel, less coal-burning carriers
Describe how fossil fuels form, identifying the original source of materials and the
processes and conditions that led to their formation. - Answers - - form from prehistoric
plants and animals
- hundreds of millions of years ago, millions of years before first dinosaurs
- living things died, decomposed, and became buried under layers of earth
OIL/NAT GAS: organisms die and are buried under ocean/river sediments. once these
bodies of water vanish, heat, pressure, and bacteria compress and cook the matter. oil
forms first, but if left deep underground, natural gas will form. caprocks prevent them
from seeping up the surface
COAL: from dead remains of trees/ferns/plants 300-400 mya, in swamps that were
either seawater (high sulfur) or freshwater (low sulfur)
Distinguish non-renewable from renewable energies and classify fossil fuels. Name the
four main categories of nonrenewable fuel and state which of these are fossil fuels. -
Answers - - energy sources are considered nonrenewable if they cannot be replenished
in a short period of time
4 CATEGORIES: crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium (nuclear energy, not a fossil fuel)
Know the approximate percentage of fossil fuels that are used for transportation and the
main type of fuels used for this purpose. [After class, you will need to know the current
number on the PowerPoint] - Answers - - petroleum products provide 92% of total
energy US transportation sector uses
- gasoline is the most common fuel in the US, at 56%
- roughly 91% of US transportation sources are fossil fuels
Outline the life cycle stages of each of the major fossil fuels. At each stage identify at
least two health or economic costs associated with that stage. COAL - Answers - -
produced through surface or underground mining, which is dangerous for workers
(falling items, falls into shaft, machinery, gas inhalation, cave-ins, explosions, floods,
disease from respiratory exposure)
- mountaintop removal results in ecological damage and stress to nearby communities
- after mining, processed and transported, resulting in dust exposure, noise, carcinogen
exposure, ergonomic hazard
- transported by train (fatalities from crashes, dust exposure, noise)
- combustion has heaviest health burden
- primary pollutants: CO2, CO, SO, NO, organic compounds, PM, mercury (neurotoxin)
- secondary: ozone, PM components (sulfate, nitrates), organic vapours
