NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam | Questions
with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Acute renal failure
Answer: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Question: Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question: Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Question: Chronic Renal Failure
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Question: Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question: Stage I CKD
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
, Question: Stage II CKD
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Question: Stage III CKD
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Question: Stage IV CKD
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Question: Stage V CKD
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Question: Complications of Decreased GFR
Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
Question: GERD
Answer: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Acute renal failure
Answer: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Question: Acute Pyelonephritis
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question: Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Question: Chronic Renal Failure
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Question: Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question: Stage I CKD
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
, Question: Stage II CKD
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Question: Stage III CKD
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Question: Stage IV CKD
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Question: Stage V CKD
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Question: Complications of Decreased GFR
Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
Question: GERD
Answer: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
