PNB 2265 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy - Correct Answers -Bank wall to keep
robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy - Correct Answers -Surveillance camera to
identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses - Correct Answers -Defend/protect against infection by
microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune - Correct Answers -Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune
diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes - Correct Answers -Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune
protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses - Correct Answers -(Protect against foreign matter without
having to specifically recognize its identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes,
immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammatory response,
fever
Physical Barriers - Correct Answers -Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens
(epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety
of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes,
lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes - Correct Answers -Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage,
neutrophil, free macrophage, eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance - Correct Answers -Destroys abnormal cells, for example
NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons - Correct Answers -Increase resistance of cells to viral infection
(slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System - Correct Answers -(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down
cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
,Inflammatory Response - Correct Answers -Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation - Correct Answers -
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Histamines - Correct Answers -Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability
Kinins - Correct Answers -(Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar
effects to histamine but also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate
neutrophils to RELEASE ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins - Correct Answers -Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other
inflammatory mediators and INDUCE PAIN
Complement - Correct Answers -Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances
phagocytosis by opsonization, intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines - Correct Answers -Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in
specific defense mechanisms
Opsonins - Correct Answers -Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever - Correct Answers -Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens
(body temp rises above 37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of
cells
Lymphatic System Consists of - Correct Answers -Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid
tissues, lymphoid organs
Lymph - Correct Answers -A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the
tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels - Correct Answers -Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located
at vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs - Correct Answers -Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid
tissue")
, Thymus - Correct Answers -Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow - Correct Answers -Primary lymphoid organ that produces all
lymphocytes, where the B cells amture
Functions of the Lymphatic System - Correct Answers -Body fluid homeostasis and
immune system
Lymph Nodes - Correct Answers -Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated
from nodules), where 99% of antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain
macrophages
Dendritic Cells - Correct Answers -Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph
nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found
in CT under the epithelium of respiratory, digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS
CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules - Correct Answers -Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules - Correct Answers -Nodule is not a filter and located in specific
places and not always attached to lymphatic channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a
filter
Spleen - Correct Answers -Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may
initiate immune response
GALT/MALT - Correct Answers -Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's
patches in SI and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes - Correct Answers -WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils - Correct Answers -Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils - Correct Answers -Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils - Correct Answers -Worms
Monocytes - Correct Answers -Become macropages
Lymphocytes - Correct Answers -Specific immune responses (except NK)
ANSWERS
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy - Correct Answers -Bank wall to keep
robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy - Correct Answers -Surveillance camera to
identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses - Correct Answers -Defend/protect against infection by
microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune - Correct Answers -Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune
diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes - Correct Answers -Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune
protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses - Correct Answers -(Protect against foreign matter without
having to specifically recognize its identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes,
immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammatory response,
fever
Physical Barriers - Correct Answers -Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens
(epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety
of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes,
lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes - Correct Answers -Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage,
neutrophil, free macrophage, eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance - Correct Answers -Destroys abnormal cells, for example
NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons - Correct Answers -Increase resistance of cells to viral infection
(slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System - Correct Answers -(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down
cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
,Inflammatory Response - Correct Answers -Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation - Correct Answers -
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Histamines - Correct Answers -Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability
Kinins - Correct Answers -(Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar
effects to histamine but also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate
neutrophils to RELEASE ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins - Correct Answers -Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other
inflammatory mediators and INDUCE PAIN
Complement - Correct Answers -Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances
phagocytosis by opsonization, intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines - Correct Answers -Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in
specific defense mechanisms
Opsonins - Correct Answers -Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever - Correct Answers -Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens
(body temp rises above 37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of
cells
Lymphatic System Consists of - Correct Answers -Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid
tissues, lymphoid organs
Lymph - Correct Answers -A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the
tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels - Correct Answers -Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located
at vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs - Correct Answers -Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid
tissue")
, Thymus - Correct Answers -Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow - Correct Answers -Primary lymphoid organ that produces all
lymphocytes, where the B cells amture
Functions of the Lymphatic System - Correct Answers -Body fluid homeostasis and
immune system
Lymph Nodes - Correct Answers -Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated
from nodules), where 99% of antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain
macrophages
Dendritic Cells - Correct Answers -Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph
nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found
in CT under the epithelium of respiratory, digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS
CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules - Correct Answers -Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules - Correct Answers -Nodule is not a filter and located in specific
places and not always attached to lymphatic channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a
filter
Spleen - Correct Answers -Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may
initiate immune response
GALT/MALT - Correct Answers -Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's
patches in SI and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes - Correct Answers -WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils - Correct Answers -Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils - Correct Answers -Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils - Correct Answers -Worms
Monocytes - Correct Answers -Become macropages
Lymphocytes - Correct Answers -Specific immune responses (except NK)
