Adult Health Nursing
Exam 2 | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
,What are some nutrients needs for RBC production? Remember:
LOW O₂ → KIDNEY → EPO → BONE MARROW → MORE RBCs
Nutrients needed for RBC production:
•Iron
•Vitamin B12
•Folate
•Vitamin B6
•Protein
Deficiency → ↓ RBC production → anemia.
Reticulocytes •Slightly immature red cells released during increased demand (e.g., bleeding
or disease).
•Normal part of the body's response to low RBC levels.
Iron •Stored as ferritin
•Transported in blood by transferrin
•Used to make hemoglobin
•Iron deficiency can cause pica
•Craving ice, dirt, starch, etc.
B12 vs Folate — KNOW THIS •Both are needed for DNA synthesis.
•Deficiency → megaloblastic anemia → large abnormal RBCs
B12:
•Absorbed in distal ileum + requires intrinsic factor for successful absorption
•Body stores last 2-4 years
Folate:
•Absorbed in proximal small intestine
•Stores are limited → deficiency develops faster
⭐ B12 deficiency risk: strict vegetarians and people after gastrectomy.
, WBCs / Leukocytes •Normal WBC count: 4,000-11,000/mm³.
Neutrophils:
•Fight bacteria; phagocytosis;
•NEUTRO = bacteria
Eosinophils:
•Parasites + allergies
•E = allergies
Basophils:
•Release histamine → allergic response
•BASO = allergy
Monocytes:
•Become macrophages; phagocytosis
•MONO → MACRO
Lymphocytes:
•Immune response
•LYMPH = immunity
Neutrophils •Most important for phagocytosis
•Bands = immature neutrophils
•Increased bands = left shift
•Left shift usually indicates an acute infection/increased demand.
Lymphocytes T cells = cellular immunity
•Directly attack foreign/infected cells
•Tumor destruction
•Transplant rejection
•Delayed allergic reactions
B cells = humoral immunity
•Become plasma cells
•Plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
NK cells:
•Kill virus-infected and cancer cells.
Platelets •Main job = stop bleeding
When a vessel is injured:
•Injury → platelet activation → platelet adhesion/aggregation → platelet plug
→ fibrin clot
•Platelet lifespan = 7-10 days
•Platelets are essential for hemostasis.
Exam 2 | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
,What are some nutrients needs for RBC production? Remember:
LOW O₂ → KIDNEY → EPO → BONE MARROW → MORE RBCs
Nutrients needed for RBC production:
•Iron
•Vitamin B12
•Folate
•Vitamin B6
•Protein
Deficiency → ↓ RBC production → anemia.
Reticulocytes •Slightly immature red cells released during increased demand (e.g., bleeding
or disease).
•Normal part of the body's response to low RBC levels.
Iron •Stored as ferritin
•Transported in blood by transferrin
•Used to make hemoglobin
•Iron deficiency can cause pica
•Craving ice, dirt, starch, etc.
B12 vs Folate — KNOW THIS •Both are needed for DNA synthesis.
•Deficiency → megaloblastic anemia → large abnormal RBCs
B12:
•Absorbed in distal ileum + requires intrinsic factor for successful absorption
•Body stores last 2-4 years
Folate:
•Absorbed in proximal small intestine
•Stores are limited → deficiency develops faster
⭐ B12 deficiency risk: strict vegetarians and people after gastrectomy.
, WBCs / Leukocytes •Normal WBC count: 4,000-11,000/mm³.
Neutrophils:
•Fight bacteria; phagocytosis;
•NEUTRO = bacteria
Eosinophils:
•Parasites + allergies
•E = allergies
Basophils:
•Release histamine → allergic response
•BASO = allergy
Monocytes:
•Become macrophages; phagocytosis
•MONO → MACRO
Lymphocytes:
•Immune response
•LYMPH = immunity
Neutrophils •Most important for phagocytosis
•Bands = immature neutrophils
•Increased bands = left shift
•Left shift usually indicates an acute infection/increased demand.
Lymphocytes T cells = cellular immunity
•Directly attack foreign/infected cells
•Tumor destruction
•Transplant rejection
•Delayed allergic reactions
B cells = humoral immunity
•Become plasma cells
•Plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
NK cells:
•Kill virus-infected and cancer cells.
Platelets •Main job = stop bleeding
When a vessel is injured:
•Injury → platelet activation → platelet adhesion/aggregation → platelet plug
→ fibrin clot
•Platelet lifespan = 7-10 days
•Platelets are essential for hemostasis.
