NSG 522 Module 11.Final Test Paper 2026\2027.
evidence hierarchy
• Systematic Reviews
o Meta-analyses (data combined quantitatively)
o Integrative reviews
o Are studies or studies. Synthesizes the results of multiple
studies and are not simple narrative reviews or overviews
o Strongest level of evidence bc the data is from multiple
studies in diff settings, populations, and researchers
• Experimental studies
o Randomized trials
o non-randomized trials
o most powerful types of studies and provide a higher
level of evidence than observational studies.
o Always prospective and with an intervention and
comparison group
• Observational studies
o Cohort studies
o case control studies
o cross sectional studies
o less powerful than experiments bc there is not a
, NSG 522 Module 11.Final Test Paper 2026\2027.
controlled intervention and not always a comparison
group
experimental studies
o Randomized trials
o non-randomized trials
o most powerful types of studies and provide a higher
level of evidence than observational studies.
o Always prospective and with an intervention and
comparison group
observational studies
o Cohort studies
o case control studies
o cross sectional studies
o less powerful than experiments bc there is not a
controlled intervention and not always a comparison
group
prospective studies
RCT, N-RCT, Prospective cohort study
retrospective studies
case control, retrospective cohort,
systematic reviews
o Meta-analyses (data combined quantitatively)
o Integrative reviews
o Are studies or studies. Synthesizes the results of multiple
evidence hierarchy
• Systematic Reviews
o Meta-analyses (data combined quantitatively)
o Integrative reviews
o Are studies or studies. Synthesizes the results of multiple
studies and are not simple narrative reviews or overviews
o Strongest level of evidence bc the data is from multiple
studies in diff settings, populations, and researchers
• Experimental studies
o Randomized trials
o non-randomized trials
o most powerful types of studies and provide a higher
level of evidence than observational studies.
o Always prospective and with an intervention and
comparison group
• Observational studies
o Cohort studies
o case control studies
o cross sectional studies
o less powerful than experiments bc there is not a
, NSG 522 Module 11.Final Test Paper 2026\2027.
controlled intervention and not always a comparison
group
experimental studies
o Randomized trials
o non-randomized trials
o most powerful types of studies and provide a higher
level of evidence than observational studies.
o Always prospective and with an intervention and
comparison group
observational studies
o Cohort studies
o case control studies
o cross sectional studies
o less powerful than experiments bc there is not a
controlled intervention and not always a comparison
group
prospective studies
RCT, N-RCT, Prospective cohort study
retrospective studies
case control, retrospective cohort,
systematic reviews
o Meta-analyses (data combined quantitatively)
o Integrative reviews
o Are studies or studies. Synthesizes the results of multiple
