CCBC BIO 110 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
●● Limits to cell size:
Answer: • Cells are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microscopes are used to visualize cells.
• Metabolic requirements set upper limits on the size of cells. The
surface area to volume ratio of
a cell is critical. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
proportionately more than its surface
area.
• The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient
passage of oxygen, nutrients,
and waste to service the volume of every cell.
●● Prokaryotic cells have:
Answer: • No nucleus.
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.
• No membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
●● Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:
,Answer: • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear
envelope.
• Membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.
●● The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are
Answer: housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
●● The nucleus
Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most
conspicuous organelle
●● The nuclear envelope
Answer: encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. The
nuclear
membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a
phospholipid bilayer.
●● In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called
Answer: chromosomes. Each chromosome is
composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins.
, ●● The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called
Answer: chromatin. Chromatin condenses to
form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide.
●● The nucleolus is
Answer: located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) synthesis.
●● Ribosomes
Answer: are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein.
●● Ribosomes carry out protein: synthesis in two locations
Answer: • In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
• On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
(bound ribosomes)
●● The endomembrane system
Answer: regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the
cell.
●● The endomembrane system consists of:
Answer: • Nuclear envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum
STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
●● Limits to cell size:
Answer: • Cells are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microscopes are used to visualize cells.
• Metabolic requirements set upper limits on the size of cells. The
surface area to volume ratio of
a cell is critical. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows
proportionately more than its surface
area.
• The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient
passage of oxygen, nutrients,
and waste to service the volume of every cell.
●● Prokaryotic cells have:
Answer: • No nucleus.
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.
• No membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
●● Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having:
,Answer: • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear
envelope.
• Membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.
●● The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are
Answer: housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
●● The nucleus
Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most
conspicuous organelle
●● The nuclear envelope
Answer: encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. The
nuclear
membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a
phospholipid bilayer.
●● In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called
Answer: chromosomes. Each chromosome is
composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins.
, ●● The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called
Answer: chromatin. Chromatin condenses to
form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide.
●● The nucleolus is
Answer: located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) synthesis.
●● Ribosomes
Answer: are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein.
●● Ribosomes carry out protein: synthesis in two locations
Answer: • In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
• On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
(bound ribosomes)
●● The endomembrane system
Answer: regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the
cell.
●● The endomembrane system consists of:
Answer: • Nuclear envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum
