Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Questions & Study Guide | GRADED A+ |100 %
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QUESTION
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the
following statements is correct?
A) The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is 0.02%
B) The prevalence of the disease is 0.02% and the incidence is 10%
C) Neither is correct
D) There is insufficient data
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prevalence is the number of existing cases (1 in 10 = 10%). Incidence is the
number of new cases per population per year (1,,500,000 = 0.00022 = 0.02%).
QUESTION
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
A) Number of people with the disease
B) Cause of the disease
C) Definition of the disease
D) Outcome of the disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Etiology refers to the cause of the disease.
QUESTION
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
A) Objective and measurable
B) The same as "signs"
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective and reported by the patient. Signs are objective and
measurable. They are not the same.
,QUESTION
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250
new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992. Using the
data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the end of 1992
for AIDS?
A) 6
B) 25
C) 88
D) 116
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence rate = (250 new cases / 1,000,000) × 100,000 = 25 per 100,000
population.
QUESTION
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students
who are pregnant?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early identification of individuals
experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities to prevent worsening
health status.
QUESTION
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to
the Emergency Department. A cardiac catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage
of his right coronary artery (RCA). Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to
myocardial cell injury because it results in which of the following?
A) Bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
B) Alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
C) Reduced energy production in myocardial cells
D) Activation of the complement system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blockage of the right coronary artery reduces blood flow, leading to reduced
oxygen and ATP production in myocardial cells, causing cell injury.
,QUESTION
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be
impaired. Which of the following may then result?
A) Intracellular sodium will increase
B) Extracellular potassium will decrease
C) Cell volume will decrease
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When the Na-K pump is impaired, sodium accumulates intracellularly,
potassium leaks out of the cell, and cell volume increases due to water influx.
QUESTION
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction
in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury. Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB
and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is
the best explanation for this?
A) It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood
B) It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
C) It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated CPK-MB and LDH1 indicate that necrotic myocardial cells have
released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
QUESTION
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Decreased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular calcium
D) Dissolution of nuclear material
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dissolution of nuclear material (karyolysis) indicates irreversible cell injury and
necrosis.
QUESTION
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from
which of the following?
, A) Increased intracellular glucose
B) Increased anaerobic metabolism
C) Decreased metabolic rate
D) Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Impaired energy production leads to increased anaerobic metabolism, which
produces lactic acid.
QUESTION
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
A) Enzyme inhibition
B) Uncoupling
C) Hypoxia
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: At high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen is low, causing hypoxia, which
impairs ATP production.
QUESTION
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the
following?
A) The obstruction results in decreased blood flow
B) The obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
C) While blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
D) None of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The obstruction results in decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the brain tissue,
causing hypoxia.
QUESTION
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free
fatty acids?
A) Anemia
B) Hepatic toxins
C) Starvation
Test Bank (2nd Edition) | (All Chapters) Exam
Questions & Study Guide | GRADED A+ |100 %
GUARANTEED PASS
QUESTION
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the
following statements is correct?
A) The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is 0.02%
B) The prevalence of the disease is 0.02% and the incidence is 10%
C) Neither is correct
D) There is insufficient data
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prevalence is the number of existing cases (1 in 10 = 10%). Incidence is the
number of new cases per population per year (1,,500,000 = 0.00022 = 0.02%).
QUESTION
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
A) Number of people with the disease
B) Cause of the disease
C) Definition of the disease
D) Outcome of the disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Etiology refers to the cause of the disease.
QUESTION
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
A) Objective and measurable
B) The same as "signs"
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective and reported by the patient. Signs are objective and
measurable. They are not the same.
,QUESTION
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250
new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992. Using the
data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the end of 1992
for AIDS?
A) 6
B) 25
C) 88
D) 116
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence rate = (250 new cases / 1,000,000) × 100,000 = 25 per 100,000
population.
QUESTION
What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students
who are pregnant?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early identification of individuals
experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities to prevent worsening
health status.
QUESTION
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to
the Emergency Department. A cardiac catheterization 2 days later shows partial blockage
of his right coronary artery (RCA). Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to
myocardial cell injury because it results in which of the following?
A) Bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
B) Alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
C) Reduced energy production in myocardial cells
D) Activation of the complement system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blockage of the right coronary artery reduces blood flow, leading to reduced
oxygen and ATP production in myocardial cells, causing cell injury.
,QUESTION
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be
impaired. Which of the following may then result?
A) Intracellular sodium will increase
B) Extracellular potassium will decrease
C) Cell volume will decrease
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When the Na-K pump is impaired, sodium accumulates intracellularly,
potassium leaks out of the cell, and cell volume increases due to water influx.
QUESTION
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction
in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury. Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB
and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is
the best explanation for this?
A) It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood
B) It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
C) It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated CPK-MB and LDH1 indicate that necrotic myocardial cells have
released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
QUESTION
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Decreased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular calcium
D) Dissolution of nuclear material
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dissolution of nuclear material (karyolysis) indicates irreversible cell injury and
necrosis.
QUESTION
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from
which of the following?
, A) Increased intracellular glucose
B) Increased anaerobic metabolism
C) Decreased metabolic rate
D) Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Impaired energy production leads to increased anaerobic metabolism, which
produces lactic acid.
QUESTION
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his
equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to
impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
A) Enzyme inhibition
B) Uncoupling
C) Hypoxia
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: At high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen is low, causing hypoxia, which
impairs ATP production.
QUESTION
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain
tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the
following?
A) The obstruction results in decreased blood flow
B) The obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
C) While blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
D) None of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The obstruction results in decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the brain tissue,
causing hypoxia.
QUESTION
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free
fatty acids?
A) Anemia
B) Hepatic toxins
C) Starvation
