Western Governors University D 236
D236 Patho OA exam with question and answer
100%correct
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? Starling's Law describes how fluids move
across the capillary How does this explain why a nutritionally membrane. There are two
major opposing forces that act to deficient child would have edema? balance each other,
hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including
oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the
capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins
(oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to
leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the
blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On,
the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries
and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can
lead to edema.
, How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low Aldosterone System) result in increased perfusion, which in turn
begins to secrete renin. Renin then blood volume and increased blood triggers the liver
to produce angiotensinogen, which is
pressure? converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then
angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE).
Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is
also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and
water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while
also increased potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL.
arrest? Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that
5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to
conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and
muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the
heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be
System, Phosphate Buffering System, and affected by pH changes. Any increase or
decrease in blood Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to pH can alter the structure of the
protein (denature), thereby regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, affecting its
function as well
what is the consequence of
a pH imbalance?
Describe the laboratory findings Respiratory Acidosis:
associated with metabolic acidosis, Ph <7.35, CO2 >45, HCO3 >26
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis:
and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH Ph >7.35, CO2 <35, HCO3 <22
and CO2 levels). Metabolic Acidosis:
Ph <7.35, HCO3 <22, CO2 <35
Respiratory Acidosis:
Ph >7.35, HCO3 >26, CO2 >45
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH:
7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm
Hg HCO3-: 22-26
mEq/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
acidosis and lower = alkalosis Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than
abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are
the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in
opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving tin the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
D236 Patho OA exam with question and answer
100%correct
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? Starling's Law describes how fluids move
across the capillary How does this explain why a nutritionally membrane. There are two
major opposing forces that act to deficient child would have edema? balance each other,
hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including
oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the
capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins
(oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein
concentrations in the blood would cause water to
leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the
blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On,
the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries
and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can
lead to edema.
, How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low Aldosterone System) result in increased perfusion, which in turn
begins to secrete renin. Renin then blood volume and increased blood triggers the liver
to produce angiotensinogen, which is
pressure? converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then
angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE).
Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is
also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and
water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while
also increased potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL.
arrest? Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that
5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to
conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and
muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the
heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be
System, Phosphate Buffering System, and affected by pH changes. Any increase or
decrease in blood Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to pH can alter the structure of the
protein (denature), thereby regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, affecting its
function as well
what is the consequence of
a pH imbalance?
Describe the laboratory findings Respiratory Acidosis:
associated with metabolic acidosis, Ph <7.35, CO2 >45, HCO3 >26
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis:
and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH Ph >7.35, CO2 <35, HCO3 <22
and CO2 levels). Metabolic Acidosis:
Ph <7.35, HCO3 <22, CO2 <35
Respiratory Acidosis:
Ph >7.35, HCO3 >26, CO2 >45
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH:
7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm
Hg HCO3-: 22-26
mEq/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
acidosis and lower = alkalosis Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than
abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are
the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or
metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in
opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving tin the same direction
as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
