Kine 4010 Final Exam Questions With Correct Answers Latest Update 2026

KINE 4010 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 1g Hb can hold how much O2 - Answers 1.34 mLs O2 when fully saturated Dissolved O2 in blood - how much - Answers 0.003 mLs O2/100 mLs blood/mmHg Vols% - Answers mLs O2/mLs blood Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve - Answers As PO2 decreases, % saturation of Hb does not significantly decrease right away. Steep part of curve starts at PO2 of 40mmHg Strength of interaction between O2 and Hb weakened by - Answers Increased Temp Decreased pH / More H+ Increased CO2 Where is the strength between Hb and O2 weakened the most - Answers At the tissue - not the lung Facilitates oxygen uptake into muscle Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve during exercise - Answers Shifts to the right. Less O2 being carried by Hb at any given level of PO2 Effect very little at PO2 of 100 (lung) Effect very big at PO2 of 40 (tissue) Does breathing supplemental O2 aid performance/recovery? - Answers No Hb already fully saturated Effects of cigarette smoking - Answers Lowers lactate threshold by decreasing O2 delivery CO has 200x greater affinity for Hb than O2 Nicotine induces bronchoconstriction Increased airway resistance (for hrs) Increased work by respiratory muscles Increased fraction of VO2 to respiratory muscles Why can O2 content vary despite full saturation of Hb? - Answers Difference in amount of RBCs Difference in amount of Hb Hematocrit - Answers % of blood that is RBCs Normal Hematocrit - Answers 45% RBCs 55% plasma Anaemia (hematocrit) - Answers 30% RBCs 70% plasma Polycythaemia (hematocrit) - Answers 70% RBCs 30% plasma Dehydration (hematocrit) - Answers Same AMOUNT of RBCs, but less AMOUNT of plasma therefor less blood volume and increased hematocrit 70% RBCs 30% plasma Blood Doping - Answers 1. Withdraw blood, replace fluid loss, store blood. (Induce anemia) 2. Decreased kidney cell O2 delivery (hypoxia) 3. Increased erythropoietin secretion 4. Stimulates RBC synthesis in marrow 5. Hct and [Hb] back to normal 6. Add back RBCs (autologous transfusion) 7. Increased Hct and [Hb] Risks of blood doping - Answers Increased blood viscosity Increased resistance to blood flow Increased blood pressure Increased chance of blood clots and stroke Erythropoietin - Answers Secreted by kidney Stimulates RBC production in bone marrow 1. Differentiation of stem cells into erythroblasts 2. Proliferation of erythroblasts 3. Maturation (enucleation) of reticulocytes into erythrocytes Erythrocyte - Answers RBC No nucleus or organelles Rely on glycolysis Aplastic Anemia - Answers When bone marrow is destroyed by radiation or chemicals Bone marrow transplant Sometimes done on purpose in chemotherapy Iron-deficiency Anemia - Answers Most common type Iron in heme group of Hb, cytochromes and myoglobin Effect of iron deficiency on endurance - Answers VO2 max and hematocrit were closely related Mitochondrial enzymes and endurance were closely related Pernicious Anemia - Answers Not enough intrinsic factor to absorb b12 Stomach surgery, stapling, removal, ulcers Vit B12 and RBC synthesis - Answers Parietal cells of stomach secrete intrinsic factor IF binds (by endocytosis) Vit B12 (rarely deficient in diet) IF-B12 complex absorbed by gut (endocytosis) and travels to bone marrow B12 stimulates RBC synthesis Sickle Cell Anemia - Answers genetic Point mutation - one nucleotide substitution in beta-globin gene Results in valine - not glutamate Distorted RBC shape Plug capillaries Leads to RBC hemolysis (breakdown) Hemoglobin Structure - Answers 2 alpha and 2 beta globin subunits alpha - 141 amino acids beta - 146 amino acids each subunit has a heme group with central iron atom which binds O2 Treatment for Sickle cell anemia - Answers Hydroxyurea produces 3rd isoform of globin Gamma globin normally found in fetus Fetal Hb higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb Myoglobin - Answers higher affinity for O2 than Hb facilitates diffusion of O2 to the mitochondria keeps PO2 low in the cell Heart cells conduction of electrical signal - Answers connexin proteins at gap junctions allow ion flow Eccentric Hypertrophy - Answers Longer heart cell Concentric Hypertrophy - Answers Thicker heart cell SA Node - Answers Pacemaker Without external input - 100 bpm Ventricular Action Potential - Answers Ca2+ moving in elongates ap action potential lasts same time as contraction do not want summation of force see p. 131 Ischemia - Answers Less blood flow to an area Occlusion - Answers Blockage of coronary vessel Atherosclerosis - Answers Blockage of a blood vessel with plaque Angina Pectoris - Answers Chest pain caused by ischemia O2 supply less than demand Necrosis - Answers Cell death due to lack of blood flow Myocardial infarction - Answers Heart attack - if enough cells die Blood flow to heart - Answers 80% occurs during diastole Fick Equation - Answers VO2=HRxSVx(a-v)O2 How to increase VO2 in the heart? - Answers Increase blood flow Extraction already maximum Trained people and heart attack - Answers When trained, less heart cells are damaged during heart attack Lower HR benefits - Answers Longer diastole More ventricular filling Increased coronary perfusion Decreased ATP demand Cardiac Cycle Time - Answers Sum of diastole and systole HR during exercise - effect on systole and diastole - Answers Mainly effects diastole - decreased time May be shorter than systole Arrhythmia - Answers Electrical disturbance of heart Diagnosed with ECG Tachycardia - Answers High HR Bradycardia - Answers Low HR Chronotropic Effect - Answers Relates to heart rate Positive: Increases Negative: Decreases Tone - Answers Action potential frequency Vagal Tone - Answers Vagus nerve Decreases HR/force of contraction S-T segment depression - Answers ECG abnormality Second part is dipped down Myocardial ischemia Cardiac Drift - Answers 1. Sweat and respiratory water loss during exercise 2. Decreased plasma volume 3. Decreased blood volume 4. Decreased stroke volume 5. Increased HR Fluid replacement can counteract Ion channels and heart action potential - Answers Na+ flowing in brings membrane to threshold Ca+ flowing in creates the action potential K+ flowing out repolarizes membrane Heart action potential under sympathetic stimulation - Answers More Na+ channels open Reach threshold faster and easier Heart action potential under parasympathetic stimulation - Answers Less Na+ channels open, harder and longer to reach threshold K+channels stay open longer - membrane is hyperpolarized Why does max HR decrease with age? - Answers SA node cells become less sensitive to epi/norepi What controls HR during exercise - Answers Light exercise -Parasympathetic drive decreases -Increased HR -Less Ach Heavy exercise -Sympathetic drive increases -Increased HR and force Receptor for Norepi - Answers Beta1 in heart Beta2 everywhere else Inotropic effect - Answers Relates to force of contraction of heart Positive:increases Negative:decreases Why do heart transplant patients have higher HRs? - Answers Surgeons cannot reconnect nerves. Heart can beat without external input - just SA node, 100 bpm HR in normal people suppressed by parasympathetic activity Effect of endurance training on HR - Answers Trained individual lower HR at any given intensity - with increased SV Does not alter max HR Increased parasympathetic tone Stroke volume equation - Answers SV = EDV - ESV What intensity does SV peak at? - Answers 40% VO2 max Why is SV higher in the trained? - Answers Bradycardia Increased diastolic time, more ventricular filling Stretches ventricular wall Eccentric hypertrophy (adaptation over time) EDV increases SV increases even if ejection fraction is the same