Vision 1
Final Study Guide Fall
1.Explain the meaning of Memento mori and how it relates to philosophy. Memento
mori means "remember you must die," reminding us of life's impermanence. In philosophy,
it encourages reflection on mortality, prompting people to live with purpose and awareness.
4. Fully define skepticism
The philosophical position that knowledge is impossible. We cannot know if something is
objectively true or false.
5. Fully define Irony
Irony is a way of speaking where one thing is said while intending the opposite.
6. Distinguish between the premises and the conclusions of an argument.
Reason, facts, and evidence that support your conclusion. = argument
Premises: supporting items in an argument
Conclusion: the main statement that is argued
Premises: reasons, facts, and evidence to support a conclusion
Conclusion: what you are trying to prove as true.
7.Explain what is meant by the fallacy of an appeal to authority
False way of reasoning where you say something is true because an expert says that it's true.
10. Define the fallacy of equivocation
The false way of reasoning where we change the meaning of a word or phrase in a radically
different way in argument.
10. Fully define moral relativism.
The theory that there's no objective truth to morality; whether something is right or
wrong is simply a matter of opinion.
It means that one person might think something is good, while another might think it’s bad, and
both would be equally valid since there’s no universal standard to prove either is correct.
11. Fully define dialectic
Dialectic is Socrates’ method of seeking the truth through questioning and cross- examination.
12. Fully define moral realism/objectivism
, Vision 2
Moral realism is a theory that you can prove what is right and what is wrong in an
objective way. This theory supports that at least some aspects of morality and ethics can be
proven to be true.
For example, actions like murder or theft can be considered universally wrong, regardless of
personal opinions.
14. Define democracy
Democracy is the system of government where each citizen has one vote and the majority
Rule.
18. Fully define anamnesis
Anamnesis is Socrates's theory that learning is recollection, and recollection is looking within, to
the soul/ body.
20. Define the fallacy of an appeal to pity
The false way of reasoning where you ask someone to believe and do something out of pity.
21. Define the fallacy of ad hominem
The false way of reasoning where you attack something about the person than their argument.
22. Define the fallacy of begging the question:
The false way of reasoning where you assume that which is an issue in the argument.
23. Define the fallacy of the straw man:
The false way of reasoning where you misrepresent opponent position in a weak way, so that you
can easily attack it.
24. Define rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking.
25. Fully define deontological
The theory that one should do what is right as determined by the reason regardless of the
consequences.
The view that morality/ ethics is a matter of doing the right thing regardless of the consequences.
26. Fully define Consequentialism:
Consequentalism is an ethical theory that determines the morality of actions based solely on their
outcomes or consequences. In ethics an action is wrong if it leads to more bad consequences
Final Study Guide Fall
1.Explain the meaning of Memento mori and how it relates to philosophy. Memento
mori means "remember you must die," reminding us of life's impermanence. In philosophy,
it encourages reflection on mortality, prompting people to live with purpose and awareness.
4. Fully define skepticism
The philosophical position that knowledge is impossible. We cannot know if something is
objectively true or false.
5. Fully define Irony
Irony is a way of speaking where one thing is said while intending the opposite.
6. Distinguish between the premises and the conclusions of an argument.
Reason, facts, and evidence that support your conclusion. = argument
Premises: supporting items in an argument
Conclusion: the main statement that is argued
Premises: reasons, facts, and evidence to support a conclusion
Conclusion: what you are trying to prove as true.
7.Explain what is meant by the fallacy of an appeal to authority
False way of reasoning where you say something is true because an expert says that it's true.
10. Define the fallacy of equivocation
The false way of reasoning where we change the meaning of a word or phrase in a radically
different way in argument.
10. Fully define moral relativism.
The theory that there's no objective truth to morality; whether something is right or
wrong is simply a matter of opinion.
It means that one person might think something is good, while another might think it’s bad, and
both would be equally valid since there’s no universal standard to prove either is correct.
11. Fully define dialectic
Dialectic is Socrates’ method of seeking the truth through questioning and cross- examination.
12. Fully define moral realism/objectivism
, Vision 2
Moral realism is a theory that you can prove what is right and what is wrong in an
objective way. This theory supports that at least some aspects of morality and ethics can be
proven to be true.
For example, actions like murder or theft can be considered universally wrong, regardless of
personal opinions.
14. Define democracy
Democracy is the system of government where each citizen has one vote and the majority
Rule.
18. Fully define anamnesis
Anamnesis is Socrates's theory that learning is recollection, and recollection is looking within, to
the soul/ body.
20. Define the fallacy of an appeal to pity
The false way of reasoning where you ask someone to believe and do something out of pity.
21. Define the fallacy of ad hominem
The false way of reasoning where you attack something about the person than their argument.
22. Define the fallacy of begging the question:
The false way of reasoning where you assume that which is an issue in the argument.
23. Define the fallacy of the straw man:
The false way of reasoning where you misrepresent opponent position in a weak way, so that you
can easily attack it.
24. Define rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking.
25. Fully define deontological
The theory that one should do what is right as determined by the reason regardless of the
consequences.
The view that morality/ ethics is a matter of doing the right thing regardless of the consequences.
26. Fully define Consequentialism:
Consequentalism is an ethical theory that determines the morality of actions based solely on their
outcomes or consequences. In ethics an action is wrong if it leads to more bad consequences
