NSG 448 Exam 2 V2 | NSG 448 Evidence-Based
Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand Canyon University
1. A nurse researcher is identifying barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice
(EBP) within a large hospital system. Which of the following are recognized as common
organizational barriers? (Select All That Apply)
A. Lack of access to research databases and library resources
B. Resistance to change among veteran nursing staff
C. Insufficient time allocated for nurses to read research during shifts
D. Strong administrative support for clinical inquiry
E. Lack of authority for nurses to change clinical procedures
F. Inadequate staffing levels to support new workflow implementation
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E, F
Explanation: Organizational barriers to EBP often involve structural limitations such as
lack of time, resources, and authority. Nurses frequently report that they do not have
enough time during their shift to search for or read research articles. Furthermore, even
when evidence is found, a lack of institutional authority to implement changes can stifle
clinical improvements.
,2. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent, and why is it significant?
A. Treatment; it defines the specific intervention being tested.
B. Time; it specifies the duration or timeframe for the expected outcome.
C. Test; it identifies the diagnostic tool used to measure results.
D. Trial; it indicates whether the study is a randomized controlled trial.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The ‘T’ in PICOT stands for Time, which establishes a clear timeframe for
assessing the impact of the intervention. This component helps researchers determine
when they should measure outcomes to see if a change has occurred. Without a specified
timeframe, the clinical question may be too broad to yield actionable data.
3. A study examines the effect of a new wound dressing on the healing rate of pressure
ulcers. In this study, the ‘healing rate’ is considered which type of variable?
A. Independent variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Extraneous variable
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher is
interested in measuring. In this context, the healing rate depends on the type of dressing
, applied to the wound. The independent variable would be the type of dressing itself, as it is
the intervention being manipulated.
4. Which level of evidence is considered the ‘gold standard’ for determining the efficacy of a
specific clinical intervention?
A. Expert opinion of a specialty committee (Level VII)
B. Systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs (Level I)
C. Well-designed case-control studies (Level IV)
D. Single descriptive or qualitative studies (Level VI)
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Level I evidence consists of systematic reviews or meta-analyses of
randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These studies synthesize findings from multiple high-
quality sources to provide the most reliable evidence for clinical decision-making. Lower
levels of evidence, such as expert opinion or single qualitative studies, carry a higher risk of
bias.
5. A researcher is using Cronbach’s alpha to assess a new survey instrument. The result is
0.85. How should the researcher interpret this value?
A. The instrument has poor internal consistency reliability.
B. The instrument has high external validity but low reliability.
C. The instrument has excellent internal consistency reliability.
Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand Canyon University
1. A nurse researcher is identifying barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice
(EBP) within a large hospital system. Which of the following are recognized as common
organizational barriers? (Select All That Apply)
A. Lack of access to research databases and library resources
B. Resistance to change among veteran nursing staff
C. Insufficient time allocated for nurses to read research during shifts
D. Strong administrative support for clinical inquiry
E. Lack of authority for nurses to change clinical procedures
F. Inadequate staffing levels to support new workflow implementation
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E, F
Explanation: Organizational barriers to EBP often involve structural limitations such as
lack of time, resources, and authority. Nurses frequently report that they do not have
enough time during their shift to search for or read research articles. Furthermore, even
when evidence is found, a lack of institutional authority to implement changes can stifle
clinical improvements.
,2. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent, and why is it significant?
A. Treatment; it defines the specific intervention being tested.
B. Time; it specifies the duration or timeframe for the expected outcome.
C. Test; it identifies the diagnostic tool used to measure results.
D. Trial; it indicates whether the study is a randomized controlled trial.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The ‘T’ in PICOT stands for Time, which establishes a clear timeframe for
assessing the impact of the intervention. This component helps researchers determine
when they should measure outcomes to see if a change has occurred. Without a specified
timeframe, the clinical question may be too broad to yield actionable data.
3. A study examines the effect of a new wound dressing on the healing rate of pressure
ulcers. In this study, the ‘healing rate’ is considered which type of variable?
A. Independent variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Extraneous variable
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher is
interested in measuring. In this context, the healing rate depends on the type of dressing
, applied to the wound. The independent variable would be the type of dressing itself, as it is
the intervention being manipulated.
4. Which level of evidence is considered the ‘gold standard’ for determining the efficacy of a
specific clinical intervention?
A. Expert opinion of a specialty committee (Level VII)
B. Systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs (Level I)
C. Well-designed case-control studies (Level IV)
D. Single descriptive or qualitative studies (Level VI)
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Level I evidence consists of systematic reviews or meta-analyses of
randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These studies synthesize findings from multiple high-
quality sources to provide the most reliable evidence for clinical decision-making. Lower
levels of evidence, such as expert opinion or single qualitative studies, carry a higher risk of
bias.
5. A researcher is using Cronbach’s alpha to assess a new survey instrument. The result is
0.85. How should the researcher interpret this value?
A. The instrument has poor internal consistency reliability.
B. The instrument has high external validity but low reliability.
C. The instrument has excellent internal consistency reliability.
