CHAMBERLAIN NR507 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Thalassemia - ANS-- Inherited blood disorder that causes decreased circulating hemoglobin.
- Many possible genetic mutations.
Aortic Valve - ANS-- Valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Mitral Valve - ANS-- The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.
Pulmonary Valve - ANS-- Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery.
Normal Blood Flow Through the Heart - ANS-Superior & Inferior vena cava -> Right atrium ->
Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Left
atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic valve -> Aorta -> Body.
Tricuspid Valve - ANS-- Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS-- The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
- Cardiac output (mL/min) = stroke volume (mL/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
Preload - ANS-- Amount of stretch that the cardiac muscle exhibits at the end of ventricular
filling.
- More volume -> more stretch = higher preload
, - "fluid"
Afterload - ANS-- The force which the heart must contract against in order to pump blood.
- aka systemic vascular resistance
- "pressure"
Hypertension has its most immediate effect on ___________. - ANS-Afterload
Heart Failure - ANS-- Underlying patho: cardiac output < body's oxygen demands.
- Overtime: decreased contractility, decreased stroke volume, increased left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (LVEDV).
- Causes dilation of the heart & increase in preload.
- Major risk factor: long-standing hypertension
Right-sided Heart Failure - ANS-- Inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow
into pulmonary circulation.
- Can occur due to left-sided HF d/t the back up of fluid from the left side to the right.
- Can occur b/c of long-standing pulmonary issues (COPD).
- S/S: right jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly
Stages of Heart Failure (ACC/AHA) - ANS-- Stage A: patient has risk factors (CAD) but no
symptoms; no structural heart damage.
- Stage B: patient has structural heart damage (MI), but still no symptoms.
- Stage C: patient is symptomatic with alteration in their daily functions due to dyspnea,
swelling, etc. This is where their NYHA functional classifications come into play.
- Stage D: end-stage heart failure- have maximized medications to treat it- may need heart
transplant or pacemaker
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Thalassemia - ANS-- Inherited blood disorder that causes decreased circulating hemoglobin.
- Many possible genetic mutations.
Aortic Valve - ANS-- Valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Mitral Valve - ANS-- The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.
Pulmonary Valve - ANS-- Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery.
Normal Blood Flow Through the Heart - ANS-Superior & Inferior vena cava -> Right atrium ->
Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Left
atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic valve -> Aorta -> Body.
Tricuspid Valve - ANS-- Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS-- The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
- Cardiac output (mL/min) = stroke volume (mL/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
Preload - ANS-- Amount of stretch that the cardiac muscle exhibits at the end of ventricular
filling.
- More volume -> more stretch = higher preload
, - "fluid"
Afterload - ANS-- The force which the heart must contract against in order to pump blood.
- aka systemic vascular resistance
- "pressure"
Hypertension has its most immediate effect on ___________. - ANS-Afterload
Heart Failure - ANS-- Underlying patho: cardiac output < body's oxygen demands.
- Overtime: decreased contractility, decreased stroke volume, increased left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (LVEDV).
- Causes dilation of the heart & increase in preload.
- Major risk factor: long-standing hypertension
Right-sided Heart Failure - ANS-- Inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow
into pulmonary circulation.
- Can occur due to left-sided HF d/t the back up of fluid from the left side to the right.
- Can occur b/c of long-standing pulmonary issues (COPD).
- S/S: right jugular venous distention, peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly
Stages of Heart Failure (ACC/AHA) - ANS-- Stage A: patient has risk factors (CAD) but no
symptoms; no structural heart damage.
- Stage B: patient has structural heart damage (MI), but still no symptoms.
- Stage C: patient is symptomatic with alteration in their daily functions due to dyspnea,
swelling, etc. This is where their NYHA functional classifications come into play.
- Stage D: end-stage heart failure- have maximized medications to treat it- may need heart
transplant or pacemaker
