Research Methods Chapters
10,11,12,13,14 latest updates!!! 2026-
2027 | correct solutions with quiz &
answers | highly graded a+
If independent variables didn't vary, what could a study NOT establish? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-covariance
What are the most common threats to internal validity? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Design
confounds, selection effects, carryover/order effects, observer bias, demand
characteristics, placebo effects
What threats create a "really bad experiment?" - CORRECT ANSWERS-Maturation,
History, regression to the mean, attrition, testing, instrumentation
What is a design confound? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Experimenter's mistake in
designing the independent variable (a second variable or alternative explanation for the
results)
When is variability a confound? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When it is systematic-
meaning that it is not random with the independent variable
What is a selection effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When kinds of participants in one
level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other
group
Occurs when experimenters let participants choose which group they want to be in
What is a matched group design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-3 groups for example with
same level of the independent variable (so three with the highest IQ in each separate
group) then matching participants, within those groups randomly assigning one to each
of the three
each member of matched set is RANDOMLY ASSIGNED
What is a matched group design good for? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Small #'s of
participants to groups, avoiding selection effects
, What is an independent groups design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Different groups of
participants are placed into different levels of the independent variable
What is a posttest only design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Equivalent groups: randomly
assigning to each level of the independent variable and then measuring the dependent
variable once in each group after manipulation
What is a pretest-posttest design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Where randomly assigned
groups (at least two) are tested on key dependent variable twice: once before and after
manipulation
What does a pretest-posttest design detect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-changes over
time in response to some manipulation
What is a within groups/within subjects design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is only
one group of participants, where each person is presented with ALL levels of the
independent variable
What is a concurrent-measures design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Participants are
exposed to all levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time
Ex: Harlow's monkeys
What is a repeated measures design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Participants are
exposed to each level of the independent variable and measured on the dependent
more than once after each level
Ex: monitoring oxytocin levels with one toddler then second phase monitored with
another
What are some advantages of within-groups designs? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.
Ensures participants in the two groups will be equivalent
2. Only difference between the two groups would be attributable to the independent
variable
3."Acting as their own control"
4.Requires fewer participants
What is an order effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When exposure to one level of the
independent variable influences responses to the next level of the independent variable
What is a carryover effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When first exposure contaminates
the second
10,11,12,13,14 latest updates!!! 2026-
2027 | correct solutions with quiz &
answers | highly graded a+
If independent variables didn't vary, what could a study NOT establish? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-covariance
What are the most common threats to internal validity? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Design
confounds, selection effects, carryover/order effects, observer bias, demand
characteristics, placebo effects
What threats create a "really bad experiment?" - CORRECT ANSWERS-Maturation,
History, regression to the mean, attrition, testing, instrumentation
What is a design confound? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Experimenter's mistake in
designing the independent variable (a second variable or alternative explanation for the
results)
When is variability a confound? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When it is systematic-
meaning that it is not random with the independent variable
What is a selection effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When kinds of participants in one
level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other
group
Occurs when experimenters let participants choose which group they want to be in
What is a matched group design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-3 groups for example with
same level of the independent variable (so three with the highest IQ in each separate
group) then matching participants, within those groups randomly assigning one to each
of the three
each member of matched set is RANDOMLY ASSIGNED
What is a matched group design good for? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Small #'s of
participants to groups, avoiding selection effects
, What is an independent groups design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Different groups of
participants are placed into different levels of the independent variable
What is a posttest only design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Equivalent groups: randomly
assigning to each level of the independent variable and then measuring the dependent
variable once in each group after manipulation
What is a pretest-posttest design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Where randomly assigned
groups (at least two) are tested on key dependent variable twice: once before and after
manipulation
What does a pretest-posttest design detect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-changes over
time in response to some manipulation
What is a within groups/within subjects design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-There is only
one group of participants, where each person is presented with ALL levels of the
independent variable
What is a concurrent-measures design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Participants are
exposed to all levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time
Ex: Harlow's monkeys
What is a repeated measures design? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Participants are
exposed to each level of the independent variable and measured on the dependent
more than once after each level
Ex: monitoring oxytocin levels with one toddler then second phase monitored with
another
What are some advantages of within-groups designs? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.
Ensures participants in the two groups will be equivalent
2. Only difference between the two groups would be attributable to the independent
variable
3."Acting as their own control"
4.Requires fewer participants
What is an order effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When exposure to one level of the
independent variable influences responses to the next level of the independent variable
What is a carryover effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS-When first exposure contaminates
the second
