FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY 12TH EDITION
TEST BANK – FREDERIC H.
MARTINI, STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, KEY CONCEPTS &
EXAM REVIEW
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 12th
Edition – Practice Exam (Continued)
Chapters 2–6: Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level,
Integumentary System, and Skeletal System
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
26. A(n) ______ is a solute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, and a(n) ______
is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution.
A. base; acid
B. salt; base
C. acid; salt
D. acid; base
Rationale: An acid is a solute that dissociates in solution to release hydrogen ions (H⁺),
increasing acidity and lowering pH. A base removes hydrogen ions from solution, often
,by accepting H⁺ ions or releasing hydroxide ions (OH⁻) that combine with H⁺ to form
water .
27. The smallest stable unit of matter is the:
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Compound
D. Electron
Rationale: Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter that retain the properties of an
element. Molecules form when atoms bond together .
28. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge?
A. Proton
B. Neutron
C. Electron
D. Positron
Rationale: Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus. Protons have a
positive charge, and neutrons have no charge .
29. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of:
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Protons and electrons
Rationale: Isotopes have the same number of protons (same element) but different
numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses .
30. Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another?
A. Covalent bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond
D. Peptide bond
,Rationale: Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons from one atom (typically
a metal) to another (typically a nonmetal), creating oppositely charged ions that attract
each other.
31. In a solution, a substance that is dissolved is called the:
A. Solvent
B. Solute
C. Solution
D. Suspension
Rationale: The solute is the substance that is dissolved, while the solvent is the
substance in which the solute is dissolved.
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
32. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic
cells?
A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. Ribosomes
synthesize proteins, lysosomes digest materials, and the Golgi apparatus modifies
proteins .
33. The plasma membrane is best described as:
A. A rigid, impermeable barrier
B. A fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins
C. A solid layer of protein
D. A double layer of carbohydrate
Rationale: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins,
often described as a "fluid mosaic" model due to its dynamic nature.
34. Which type of transport requires energy (ATP)?
, A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Active transport
Rationale: Active transport requires energy to move substances against their
concentration gradient, while diffusion and osmosis are passive processes.
35. The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or fluids is called:
A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
Rationale: Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances into the cell by engulfing
them with the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is the opposite process.
36. DNA replication takes place in:
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosomes
C. Chromatin
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: DNA replication occurs in chromatin (the material that makes up
chromosomes). The Krebs cycle takes place in mitochondria; ribosomes create proteins;
the endoplasmic reticulum assists ribosomes and stores ions and steroids .
37. If you add together the 2 ATP from glycolysis, the 2 ATP from the Krebs cycle,
and the 34 from the electron transport chain, you have a total of how many ATP
produced from one molecule of glucose?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 18
D. 38
Rationale: The total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose is 38: 2 from glycolysis, 2
from the Krebs cycle, and 34 from the electron transport chain .
38. G₁ is a growth stage and can last years in slow-growing cells. What else occurs
during this stage?
AND PHYSIOLOGY 12TH EDITION
TEST BANK – FREDERIC H.
MARTINI, STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, KEY CONCEPTS &
EXAM REVIEW
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 12th
Edition – Practice Exam (Continued)
Chapters 2–6: Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level,
Integumentary System, and Skeletal System
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
26. A(n) ______ is a solute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, and a(n) ______
is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution.
A. base; acid
B. salt; base
C. acid; salt
D. acid; base
Rationale: An acid is a solute that dissociates in solution to release hydrogen ions (H⁺),
increasing acidity and lowering pH. A base removes hydrogen ions from solution, often
,by accepting H⁺ ions or releasing hydroxide ions (OH⁻) that combine with H⁺ to form
water .
27. The smallest stable unit of matter is the:
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Compound
D. Electron
Rationale: Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter that retain the properties of an
element. Molecules form when atoms bond together .
28. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge?
A. Proton
B. Neutron
C. Electron
D. Positron
Rationale: Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus. Protons have a
positive charge, and neutrons have no charge .
29. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of:
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Protons and electrons
Rationale: Isotopes have the same number of protons (same element) but different
numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses .
30. Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another?
A. Covalent bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond
D. Peptide bond
,Rationale: Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons from one atom (typically
a metal) to another (typically a nonmetal), creating oppositely charged ions that attract
each other.
31. In a solution, a substance that is dissolved is called the:
A. Solvent
B. Solute
C. Solution
D. Suspension
Rationale: The solute is the substance that is dissolved, while the solvent is the
substance in which the solute is dissolved.
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
32. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic
cells?
A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. Ribosomes
synthesize proteins, lysosomes digest materials, and the Golgi apparatus modifies
proteins .
33. The plasma membrane is best described as:
A. A rigid, impermeable barrier
B. A fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins
C. A solid layer of protein
D. A double layer of carbohydrate
Rationale: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins,
often described as a "fluid mosaic" model due to its dynamic nature.
34. Which type of transport requires energy (ATP)?
, A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Active transport
Rationale: Active transport requires energy to move substances against their
concentration gradient, while diffusion and osmosis are passive processes.
35. The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or fluids is called:
A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
Rationale: Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances into the cell by engulfing
them with the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is the opposite process.
36. DNA replication takes place in:
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosomes
C. Chromatin
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: DNA replication occurs in chromatin (the material that makes up
chromosomes). The Krebs cycle takes place in mitochondria; ribosomes create proteins;
the endoplasmic reticulum assists ribosomes and stores ions and steroids .
37. If you add together the 2 ATP from glycolysis, the 2 ATP from the Krebs cycle,
and the 34 from the electron transport chain, you have a total of how many ATP
produced from one molecule of glucose?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 18
D. 38
Rationale: The total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose is 38: 2 from glycolysis, 2
from the Krebs cycle, and 34 from the electron transport chain .
38. G₁ is a growth stage and can last years in slow-growing cells. What else occurs
during this stage?
