NR,./412,./Exam,./3,./Cardio,,./Aneurysm,,./Diabetes
What,./are,./the,./two,./functions,./of,./the,./Pancreas,./and,./what,./does,./the,./Islet,./of,./
Langerhans,./(IoL),./do?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Exocrine,./(secretes,./into,./ducts,./leading,./to,./tissue),./function,./which,./secret
es,./pancreatic,./and,./digestive,./enzymes.
Endocrine,./(secretes,./into,./blood),./secretes,./hormones.,./One,./of,./which,./is,./th
e,./IoL,./which,./has,./beta,./cells,./that,./secrete,./insulin,./and,./alpha,./cells,./that,./secr
ete,./glucagon.
What,./occurs,./in,./the,./Pancreas,./when,./blood,./glucose,./gets,./too,./high,./and,./wh
at,./happens,./after,./this?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Beta,./cells,./in,./the,./islet,./secrete,./insulin,./to,./drive,./storage,./of,./glucose,./in,./c
ells.,./Insulin,./stimulates,./glycogenesis,./and,./lipogenesis,./in,./cells,./and,./also,./p
rotein,./synthesis,./(that,./helps,./make,./these,./molecules).,./Insulin,./inhibits,./gly
cogenolysis,,./lipolysis,,./and,./protein,./breakdown.
What,./are,./the,./normal,./ranges,./of,./Blood,./glucose,./and,./what,./occurs,./when,./y
ou,./get,./outside,./of,./these,./numbers?,./How,./does,./your,./body,./counteract,./Insu
lin?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔ 80-
,120mg/dl.,./If,./you,./go,./over,,./your,./body,./stores,./glucose,./as,./fat.,./If,./you,./go,./u
nder,./your,./body,./will,./start,./to,./use,./muscle,./as,./fuel,./&,./energy,./levels,./will,./d
ecrease.,./If,./you,./stay,./within,./the,./levels,./you,./release,./fat,./to,./deal,./with,./need,.
/for,./normal,./Energy,./and,./eliminate,./cravings,./and,./inc.,./Energy.
Hormones,./like,./glucagon,,./epinephrine,,./growth,./hormone,,./and,./cortisol,./o
ppose,./insulin,./and,./stimulate,./glu,./production,./and,./release,./in,./liver,,./dec.,./m
ovement,./of,./glu,./into,./cell,,./and,./maintain,./normal,./blood,./glu,./levels.
What,./are,./the,./2,./classes,./of,./Diabetes,./and,./what,./are,./the,./characteristics,./of,./
each?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Type,./1,./diabetes,./is,./a,./genetic,./autoimmune,./destruction,./of,./Beta,./cells,./w
hich,./leads,./to,./eventual,./absolute,./insulin,./deficiency.,./75%,./occurs,./in,./peop
le,./under,./18,./and,./makes,./up,./5-10%,./of,./people,./with,./diabetes.
Type,./2,./is,./an,./acquired,./underactivity,./of,./Beta,./cells,./which,./then,./do,./not,./re
lease,./enough,./insulin,./and,./the,./body,./becomes,./resistant,./to,./this,./insulin.
What,./factors,./lead,./to,./Type,./1,./diabetes?,./How,./will,./you,./know,./someone,./h
as,./Type,./1,./diabetes?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Genetics,./that,./have,./certain,./tissue,./types,./HLA-
DQ,./&,./DR,./and,./once,./they,./are,./exposed,./a,./viral,./infection,./the,./body,./starts,./
killing,./Beta,./cells.
You,./will,./not,./know,./until,./Beta,./cells,./are,./killed,./(mo.-
yr.).,./Then,./once,./all,./Beta,./cells,./are,./gone,,./Polyuria,,./Polydipsia,./(thirst),,./an
d,./Polyphagia,./(hunger).,./Polyphagia,./occurs,./because,./the,./cells,./are,./starvin
g,./without,./glucose.
, The,./person,./will,./have,./weight,./loss,,./fatigue,,./inc.,./infection,,./and,./be,./insuli
n,./dependent.
What,./is,./the,./cause,./of,./Type,./2,./diabetes?,./What,./are,./some,./risk,./factors?,./Ho
w,./does,./the,./onset,./of,./Type,./2,./diabetes,./manifest?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Type,./2,./is,./caused,./by,./either,./an,./insufficient,./amount,./of,./insulin,./producti
on,./or,./poor,./utilization/resistance,./of,./it.
Obesity,./and,./dec.,./physical,./activity,./inc.,./risk,,./but,./so,./do,./genetics,./in,./famil
y,./history,./and,./race.
Consistent,./Hyperglycemia,./is,./present,./in,./these,./pt.,,./but,./might,./not,./be,./dia
gnosed,./for,./yr.,./They,./will,./have,./fatigue,,./inc.,./infection,,./visual,./changes,./an
d,./the,./3,./P's,./(uria,,./dipsia,,./&,./phagia).
What,./are,./the,./four,./possible,./major,./metabolic,./abnormalities,./in,./Type,./2,./di
abetes?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔ 1.,./Insulin,./resistance
2.,./Decreased,./Pancreas,./production,./of,./insulin
3.,./Inappropriate,./glu,./production,./in,./liver
4.,./Alteration,./in,./production,./of,./hormones,./and,./adipokines.
What,./is,./Osmotic,./Diuresis,,./what,./is,./it,./caused,./by,,./and,./what,./is,./it,./a,./sympt
om,./of?,./What,./are,./symptoms,./of,./Hyperglycemia?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔
✔
Osmotic,./Diuresis,./is,./increased,./urination,./(and,./therefore,./thirst),./due,./to,./t
he,./increased,./presence,./of,./solutes,./created,./by,./kidneys.,./These,./solutes,./dra
What,./are,./the,./two,./functions,./of,./the,./Pancreas,./and,./what,./does,./the,./Islet,./of,./
Langerhans,./(IoL),./do?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Exocrine,./(secretes,./into,./ducts,./leading,./to,./tissue),./function,./which,./secret
es,./pancreatic,./and,./digestive,./enzymes.
Endocrine,./(secretes,./into,./blood),./secretes,./hormones.,./One,./of,./which,./is,./th
e,./IoL,./which,./has,./beta,./cells,./that,./secrete,./insulin,./and,./alpha,./cells,./that,./secr
ete,./glucagon.
What,./occurs,./in,./the,./Pancreas,./when,./blood,./glucose,./gets,./too,./high,./and,./wh
at,./happens,./after,./this?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Beta,./cells,./in,./the,./islet,./secrete,./insulin,./to,./drive,./storage,./of,./glucose,./in,./c
ells.,./Insulin,./stimulates,./glycogenesis,./and,./lipogenesis,./in,./cells,./and,./also,./p
rotein,./synthesis,./(that,./helps,./make,./these,./molecules).,./Insulin,./inhibits,./gly
cogenolysis,,./lipolysis,,./and,./protein,./breakdown.
What,./are,./the,./normal,./ranges,./of,./Blood,./glucose,./and,./what,./occurs,./when,./y
ou,./get,./outside,./of,./these,./numbers?,./How,./does,./your,./body,./counteract,./Insu
lin?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔ 80-
,120mg/dl.,./If,./you,./go,./over,,./your,./body,./stores,./glucose,./as,./fat.,./If,./you,./go,./u
nder,./your,./body,./will,./start,./to,./use,./muscle,./as,./fuel,./&,./energy,./levels,./will,./d
ecrease.,./If,./you,./stay,./within,./the,./levels,./you,./release,./fat,./to,./deal,./with,./need,.
/for,./normal,./Energy,./and,./eliminate,./cravings,./and,./inc.,./Energy.
Hormones,./like,./glucagon,,./epinephrine,,./growth,./hormone,,./and,./cortisol,./o
ppose,./insulin,./and,./stimulate,./glu,./production,./and,./release,./in,./liver,,./dec.,./m
ovement,./of,./glu,./into,./cell,,./and,./maintain,./normal,./blood,./glu,./levels.
What,./are,./the,./2,./classes,./of,./Diabetes,./and,./what,./are,./the,./characteristics,./of,./
each?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Type,./1,./diabetes,./is,./a,./genetic,./autoimmune,./destruction,./of,./Beta,./cells,./w
hich,./leads,./to,./eventual,./absolute,./insulin,./deficiency.,./75%,./occurs,./in,./peop
le,./under,./18,./and,./makes,./up,./5-10%,./of,./people,./with,./diabetes.
Type,./2,./is,./an,./acquired,./underactivity,./of,./Beta,./cells,./which,./then,./do,./not,./re
lease,./enough,./insulin,./and,./the,./body,./becomes,./resistant,./to,./this,./insulin.
What,./factors,./lead,./to,./Type,./1,./diabetes?,./How,./will,./you,./know,./someone,./h
as,./Type,./1,./diabetes?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Genetics,./that,./have,./certain,./tissue,./types,./HLA-
DQ,./&,./DR,./and,./once,./they,./are,./exposed,./a,./viral,./infection,./the,./body,./starts,./
killing,./Beta,./cells.
You,./will,./not,./know,./until,./Beta,./cells,./are,./killed,./(mo.-
yr.).,./Then,./once,./all,./Beta,./cells,./are,./gone,,./Polyuria,,./Polydipsia,./(thirst),,./an
d,./Polyphagia,./(hunger).,./Polyphagia,./occurs,./because,./the,./cells,./are,./starvin
g,./without,./glucose.
, The,./person,./will,./have,./weight,./loss,,./fatigue,,./inc.,./infection,,./and,./be,./insuli
n,./dependent.
What,./is,./the,./cause,./of,./Type,./2,./diabetes?,./What,./are,./some,./risk,./factors?,./Ho
w,./does,./the,./onset,./of,./Type,./2,./diabetes,./manifest?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Type,./2,./is,./caused,./by,./either,./an,./insufficient,./amount,./of,./insulin,./producti
on,./or,./poor,./utilization/resistance,./of,./it.
Obesity,./and,./dec.,./physical,./activity,./inc.,./risk,,./but,./so,./do,./genetics,./in,./famil
y,./history,./and,./race.
Consistent,./Hyperglycemia,./is,./present,./in,./these,./pt.,,./but,./might,./not,./be,./dia
gnosed,./for,./yr.,./They,./will,./have,./fatigue,,./inc.,./infection,,./visual,./changes,./an
d,./the,./3,./P's,./(uria,,./dipsia,,./&,./phagia).
What,./are,./the,./four,./possible,./major,./metabolic,./abnormalities,./in,./Type,./2,./di
abetes?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔ 1.,./Insulin,./resistance
2.,./Decreased,./Pancreas,./production,./of,./insulin
3.,./Inappropriate,./glu,./production,./in,./liver
4.,./Alteration,./in,./production,./of,./hormones,./and,./adipokines.
What,./is,./Osmotic,./Diuresis,,./what,./is,./it,./caused,./by,,./and,./what,./is,./it,./a,./sympt
om,./of?,./What,./are,./symptoms,./of,./Hyperglycemia?,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔
✔
Osmotic,./Diuresis,./is,./increased,./urination,./(and,./therefore,./thirst),./due,./to,./t
he,./increased,./presence,./of,./solutes,./created,./by,./kidneys.,./These,./solutes,./dra
