Your text here
litIGCSE CAIE Chemistry (0620) notes – Extended
For 2023 - (until there is any major change in syllabus)
Syllabus Content:
1. States of matter
2. Atoms, elements and compounds
3. Stoichiometry
4. Electrochemistry
5. Chemical energetics
6. Chemical reactions
7. Acids, bases and salts
8. The Periodic Table
9. Metals
10. Chemistry of the environment
11. Organic chemistry
12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
Qualitative analysis
o Cation Test
o Anion Test
o Test for gases
o Flame Test
Reactivity series
Solubility rules
Periodic table
Paper Marks Time Weightage Marks multipled
by
Paper 2 40 45 mins 30% x1.5
Paper 4 80 1h 15 mins 50% x1.25
Paper 6 40 1h 20% x1
CosmicTail’s Notes 1
, Your text here
1. States of matter
1.1. Solids, liquids, and gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Particle diagram
Arrangement of Regular arrangement Randomly arranged Randomly arranged
particles
Movement of Vibrate in a fixed Move around each Move in every
particles position other direction
Distance Very less Close Far apart
between
particles
Force of Strong Slightly weak Very weak
attraction
between
particles
Energy of Low Higher Highest
particles
Particle Particles are held close Particles are close but Particles are widely
separation together and ‘touching’ slightly separated separated
Changing states of matter
When an object’s temperature is below its melting point, it is a solid
CosmicTail’s Notes 2
,Your text here
When an object’s temperature is above its melting point and below its boiling point, it is a liquid
When an object’s temperature is above its boiling point, it is a gas
*Be careful of negative temperatures (Tip: The larger the magnitude of the temperature, the
lower the temperature)
Eg. -120oC is a lower temperature than -90oC
Heating and Cooling Curves
As the temperature increases, the kinetic As the temperature decreases, the kinetic
energy of the particles increase and move energy of the particles decrease and the
faster. particles move slower
At the melting point, the temperature stops At the boiling point, the temperature stops
increasing. This is because the energy is used decreasing. This is because the energy
to overcome the strong force of attraction transferred away from the substance is now
between the particles, making it weaker so taken from the energy used to overcome the
that the particles can move more forces of attraction. The force of attraction
between the particles increase and the
Once the solid has entirely melted and
movement of particles decreases
becomes a liquid, the temperature increases
again Once the gas has entirely condensed and
becomes a liquid, the temperature decreases
At the boiling point, the temperature again
again
stops increasing. Again, the energy is used to
overcome the slightly weak force of At the melting point, the temperature again
attraction between the particles, and the stops decreasing. Again, the energy
particles move more freely and randomly transferred away from the substance is now
taken from the energy used to overcome the
Once the liquid has entirely boiled and
forces of attraction. The force of attraction
becomes a gas, the temperature increases
between the particles increase and the
again
movement of particles decreases
CosmicTail’s Notes 3
, Once the liquid has entirely froze and
becomes a solid, the temperature decreases
again
Pressure and temperature in gases
Boyle’s Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. So if pressure increases,
the volume decreases (and vise versa).
Basically, when you decrease the volume of a container of gas, there is less distance for the
particles to travel and collide. Hence the number of collisions of the particles with the walls of the
container increases, hence the pressure exerted also increases. Similarly, when the volume
increases, the particles will collide less often with the walls of the container, hence the pressure
exerted decreases
As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and they move faster and
spread more (Never say particles expand, because particles do not expand; they only move faster
and collide with each other and the walls of the container). When in a container, these particles
will collide with the walls more often, exerting pressure on the walls, so pressure exerted
increases
1.2. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration across the concentration gradient
Common examples: Perfume sprays, coffee/tea powder dissolving in water, etc
[Author]
litIGCSE CAIE Chemistry (0620) notes – Extended
For 2023 - (until there is any major change in syllabus)
Syllabus Content:
1. States of matter
2. Atoms, elements and compounds
3. Stoichiometry
4. Electrochemistry
5. Chemical energetics
6. Chemical reactions
7. Acids, bases and salts
8. The Periodic Table
9. Metals
10. Chemistry of the environment
11. Organic chemistry
12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
Qualitative analysis
o Cation Test
o Anion Test
o Test for gases
o Flame Test
Reactivity series
Solubility rules
Periodic table
Paper Marks Time Weightage Marks multipled
by
Paper 2 40 45 mins 30% x1.5
Paper 4 80 1h 15 mins 50% x1.25
Paper 6 40 1h 20% x1
CosmicTail’s Notes 1
, Your text here
1. States of matter
1.1. Solids, liquids, and gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Particle diagram
Arrangement of Regular arrangement Randomly arranged Randomly arranged
particles
Movement of Vibrate in a fixed Move around each Move in every
particles position other direction
Distance Very less Close Far apart
between
particles
Force of Strong Slightly weak Very weak
attraction
between
particles
Energy of Low Higher Highest
particles
Particle Particles are held close Particles are close but Particles are widely
separation together and ‘touching’ slightly separated separated
Changing states of matter
When an object’s temperature is below its melting point, it is a solid
CosmicTail’s Notes 2
,Your text here
When an object’s temperature is above its melting point and below its boiling point, it is a liquid
When an object’s temperature is above its boiling point, it is a gas
*Be careful of negative temperatures (Tip: The larger the magnitude of the temperature, the
lower the temperature)
Eg. -120oC is a lower temperature than -90oC
Heating and Cooling Curves
As the temperature increases, the kinetic As the temperature decreases, the kinetic
energy of the particles increase and move energy of the particles decrease and the
faster. particles move slower
At the melting point, the temperature stops At the boiling point, the temperature stops
increasing. This is because the energy is used decreasing. This is because the energy
to overcome the strong force of attraction transferred away from the substance is now
between the particles, making it weaker so taken from the energy used to overcome the
that the particles can move more forces of attraction. The force of attraction
between the particles increase and the
Once the solid has entirely melted and
movement of particles decreases
becomes a liquid, the temperature increases
again Once the gas has entirely condensed and
becomes a liquid, the temperature decreases
At the boiling point, the temperature again
again
stops increasing. Again, the energy is used to
overcome the slightly weak force of At the melting point, the temperature again
attraction between the particles, and the stops decreasing. Again, the energy
particles move more freely and randomly transferred away from the substance is now
taken from the energy used to overcome the
Once the liquid has entirely boiled and
forces of attraction. The force of attraction
becomes a gas, the temperature increases
between the particles increase and the
again
movement of particles decreases
CosmicTail’s Notes 3
, Once the liquid has entirely froze and
becomes a solid, the temperature decreases
again
Pressure and temperature in gases
Boyle’s Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. So if pressure increases,
the volume decreases (and vise versa).
Basically, when you decrease the volume of a container of gas, there is less distance for the
particles to travel and collide. Hence the number of collisions of the particles with the walls of the
container increases, hence the pressure exerted also increases. Similarly, when the volume
increases, the particles will collide less often with the walls of the container, hence the pressure
exerted decreases
As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and they move faster and
spread more (Never say particles expand, because particles do not expand; they only move faster
and collide with each other and the walls of the container). When in a container, these particles
will collide with the walls more often, exerting pressure on the walls, so pressure exerted
increases
1.2. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration across the concentration gradient
Common examples: Perfume sprays, coffee/tea powder dissolving in water, etc
[Author]
