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IGCSE Biology Revision Notes | Complete Syllabus Summary, Labeled Diagrams & Key Terms

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High-Yield IGCSE STEM Revision Notes (A* Standard) Comprehensive, neatly structured, and easy-to-read revision guides crafted specifically for IGCSE Science & Math preparation! What’s Included: • Complete Coverage: Aligned with key IGCSE syllabus learning objectives. • Visual Learning: Fully labeled diagrams, process flowcharts, and color-coded key terms. • Problem Solving: Step-by-step worked examples, key formula sheets, and reaction summaries. • Exam-Focused: Designed for fast, high-yield final revision to save hours of textbook reading. Ideal for Cambridge (CIE) and Edexcel IGCSE students aiming for top grades!

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LIVING ORGANISMS NOTES
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

Characteristics of living organisms
●​ Movement: an action done by an organism that causes it to stimuli it’s
position/place

●​ Respiration: a chemical reaction that breaks down nutrient molecules that
releases energy for metabolism

●​ Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in internal and
external environments

●​ Growth: the permanent increase of dry mass

●​ Reproduction: the process of producing the same type of organism

●​ Excretion: the removal of metabolic waste + substances in excess of the
body’s requirements

●​ Nutrition: the uptake of materials for growth, development + energy

Mnemonic: MRSGREN
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
Species: an organism the
Classification Systems reproduces to produce
fertile offspring
Organisms can be classified by:
●​ Features they share Binomial naming system:
●​ Evolutionary relationship → determined by similarity in the sequence of internationally agreed
the bases of their DNA system to name species
where scientific name of
Organisms that share a more recent ancestor → Greater similarity organism consists two parts
Organisms with a distant ancestor → Greater disparity showing genus + species



Taxonomic hierarchy
Taxonomic Hierarchy Mnemonic 1 Mnemonic 2

Domain Do Dear

Kingdom Kings King

Phlyum Play Phillip

Class Chess Came

Order On Over

Family Fine For

Genus Green Good

Species Silk Spaghetti



FEATURES OF ORGANISMS
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Kingdom Cell type No. of cells Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast Nutrition +Features

Animal Eukaryotic Multicellular ✅ ❌ ❌ Heterotroph Tissues +
organs

Plant Eukaryotic Multicellular ✅ ✅ ✅ Autotroph Roots,
stems, leave

Fungus Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular ✅ ✅ Chitin ❌ Heterotroph Hyphae →
reproduces
through
sporulation

,Protoctist Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular ✅ ✅/❌ ✅/❌ Auto/
heterotroph
Simple


Prokaryote Prokaryotic Unicellular ❌ ✅
Peptidoglycan
❌ Auto/
heterotroph
Free DNA +
plasmids, no
organelles

.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
-.-

Animal kingdom
Arthropods
Myriapods: Arachnids:
●​ Many body segments ●​ 2 body segments (cephalothorax + abdomen)
●​ Many jointed legs ●​ 4 pairs of jointed legs

Insects: Crustaceans:
●​ 1 pair of antenna ●​ 2 pairs of antennae
●​ 2 pair of wings ●​ 4< pairs of jointed legs
●​ 3 pairs of jointed legs
●​ 3 body segment (head, thorax, abdomen)

Vertebrates
Warm Blooded

Mammals: Birds:
●​ Hair ●​ Beak
●​ sweat glands ●​ Wings
●​ Fetus develop in uterus ●​ Lay hard-shelled eggs
●​ Mammillary glands
●​ Ear flaps
●​ Specialised teeth
●​ diaphragm


Cold Blooded
Reptiles: Fish:
●​ Scaly skin ●​ Scales
●​ Lay hard-shelled eggs ●​ Long term gills
●​ Lay shell-less eggs

Amphibians:
●​ Moist, scale-less skin
●​ Tadpoles have gills → live in water
●​ Adults have lungs → live on land
●​ Lay shell-less eggs
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
-.-

Plant Kingdom
Ferns
●​ Do not produce flowers → reproduce through sporulation
●​ Divided into:
○​ Stems
○​ Leaves
○​ Fronds
○​ Roots

Flowering Plants
Monocotyledons: Dicotyledons:
●​ 1 cotyledon ●​ Two cotyledons
●​ Prod parts in 3/ 4’s ●​ Produce parts in 4’s or 5’s
●​ Vascular bundle arranged randomly ●​ Tap-root system
●​ Parallel veins ●​ Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
●​ Fibrous root system ●​ Leaves with network veins

.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
-.-

,Viruses
●​ Have protein coat
●​ Dont show all 7 features of livin org.
●​ Have dna/rna




ORGANISATION OF ORGANISMS NOTES
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Levels of Organisation
1)​ Cell: smallest unit of life
Eg. blood cell, root hair cell, Palisade mesophyll cell
2)​ Tissue: group of cells working tgt to perform a certain function
Eg. Cardiac muscle tissue, Palisade mesophyll tissue
3)​ Organ: group of tissues working tgt to perform certain function
Eg. Heart, Leaf
4)​ Organ System: group of organs working tgt to do a major bodily function
Eg. Digestive System, Nervous System
5)​ Organism: individual made up of one or more organ systems
Eg. Humans, Flowering Plant
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

Cell Structures
Animal Cell




●​ No cell wall
●​ No chloroplast
●​ Temporary vacuole




Bacterial cell

●​ peptidoglycan cell
wall
●​ Free circular dna in
the cytoplasm
●​ Plasmid
●​ No nucleus
●​ No Mitochondria
●​ No Chloroplast
●​ No vacuole




●​ Cell wall made of
cellulose
●​ Permanent vacuole

, Plant Cells




Cell Structure Functions
Structure Function

Cell wall Support, protection, prevent bursting

Cell membrane Controls movement of substance in/out

Cytoplasm Site of chemical reactions

Nucleus Controls cell activities, contains DNA

DNA Genetic info → code for proteins

Vacuole Storage, maintain turgor in plants

Ribosomes Protein synthesis

Mitochondria Aerobic respiration, releases energy

Chloroplast Photosynthesis

Plasmid Extra genes in bacteria

Document information

School year
4
Uploaded on
September 25, 2026
Number of pages
70
Written in
2026/2027
Type
Class notes
Professor(s)
Dr.kamil
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All classes
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