NSG 120 NURSING FUNDAMENTALS
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS (LATEST ), (A+
GUARANTEE).
1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with a pH of 7.30,
PaCO2 of 58 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is the patient
experiencing?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and an
elevated PaCO2 (>45 mmHg). In COPD patients, CO2 retention leads to this state.
2. A nurse is caring for a client who is refusing a blood transfusion for religious reasons,
despite life-threatening anemia. Which ethical principle is the nurse upholding by supporting
this decision?
A. Beneficence
,B. Nonmaleficence
C. Autonomy
D. Justice
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Autonomy refers to the right of the patient to make their own
decisions about their medical care, even if the healthcare team disagrees.
3. When assessing a patient with a suspected Stage 3 pressure injury, which clinical finding
should the nurse expect?
A. Full-thickness tissue loss with visible subcutaneous fat
B. Partial-thickness loss of dermis with a shallow open ulcer
C. Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
D. Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone or tendon
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Stage 3 pressure injuries involve full-thickness skin loss where
adipose (fat) is visible, but bone, tendon, or muscle are not yet exposed.
4. A nurse is preparing to administer 10 units of Regular insulin and 20 units of NPH insulin.
Which action is correct regarding the mixing procedure?
A. Draw up the NPH insulin first, then the Regular insulin.
B. Inject air into the Regular vial, then air into the NPH vial.
, C. Draw up the Regular insulin first, then the NPH insulin.
D. Draw them in two separate syringes to avoid contamination.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The ‘clear to cloudy’ rule applies: Regular (clear) insulin should
be drawn up before NPH (cloudy) to prevent contaminating the short-acting vial.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with a ‘tall, peaked T-wave’ on
an EKG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) affects cardiac conduction,
typically causing narrow, peaked T-waves, which can lead to cardiac arrest if untreated.
6. A nurse is providing discharge teaching for a patient on Warfarin. Which statement by the
patient indicates a need for further instruction?
A. I will use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
B. I will avoid taking aspirin unless prescribed.
C. I will report any dark, tarry stools to my doctor.
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS (LATEST ), (A+
GUARANTEE).
1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with a pH of 7.30,
PaCO2 of 58 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is the patient
experiencing?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (<7.35) and an
elevated PaCO2 (>45 mmHg). In COPD patients, CO2 retention leads to this state.
2. A nurse is caring for a client who is refusing a blood transfusion for religious reasons,
despite life-threatening anemia. Which ethical principle is the nurse upholding by supporting
this decision?
A. Beneficence
,B. Nonmaleficence
C. Autonomy
D. Justice
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Autonomy refers to the right of the patient to make their own
decisions about their medical care, even if the healthcare team disagrees.
3. When assessing a patient with a suspected Stage 3 pressure injury, which clinical finding
should the nurse expect?
A. Full-thickness tissue loss with visible subcutaneous fat
B. Partial-thickness loss of dermis with a shallow open ulcer
C. Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
D. Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone or tendon
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Stage 3 pressure injuries involve full-thickness skin loss where
adipose (fat) is visible, but bone, tendon, or muscle are not yet exposed.
4. A nurse is preparing to administer 10 units of Regular insulin and 20 units of NPH insulin.
Which action is correct regarding the mixing procedure?
A. Draw up the NPH insulin first, then the Regular insulin.
B. Inject air into the Regular vial, then air into the NPH vial.
, C. Draw up the Regular insulin first, then the NPH insulin.
D. Draw them in two separate syringes to avoid contamination.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The ‘clear to cloudy’ rule applies: Regular (clear) insulin should
be drawn up before NPH (cloudy) to prevent contaminating the short-acting vial.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with a ‘tall, peaked T-wave’ on
an EKG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) affects cardiac conduction,
typically causing narrow, peaked T-waves, which can lead to cardiac arrest if untreated.
6. A nurse is providing discharge teaching for a patient on Warfarin. Which statement by the
patient indicates a need for further instruction?
A. I will use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
B. I will avoid taking aspirin unless prescribed.
C. I will report any dark, tarry stools to my doctor.
