NRS 455 Exam 3 V3 | NRS 455 Pathophysiology |
Actual Q&A with Rationale (NRS455 Exam 3) |
Grand Canyon University
1. A patient is admitted with suspected Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Which of the following
conditions are considered prerenal causes of AKI? (Select All That Apply)
A. Hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage
B. Acute tubular necrosis from aminoglycoside use
C. Congestive heart failure leading to low cardiac output
D. Bilaterial ureteral obstruction from calculi
E. Severe dehydration from excessive vomiting
F. Renal artery stenosis
Correct Answer: A, C, E, F
Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce systemic circulation, causing a
decrease in renal blood flow. Hypovolemic shock, heart failure, and dehydration all lead to
decreased perfusion to the kidneys. Renal artery stenosis directly limits blood flow
entering the kidney, whereas ATN is intrarenal and calculi are postrenal.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of a patient diagnosed with Nephrotic
Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria and hypertension
,B. Increased glomerular filtration rate
C. Massive proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
D. Hypolipidemia and weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to hypoalbuminemia, which
causes a shift of fluid into the interstitial space resulting in generalized edema. Patients also
typically present with hyperlipidemia as the liver compensates for protein loss by
increasing lipid synthesis.
3. A patient presents with a ‘buffalo hump,’ moon face, and purple striae on the abdomen.
Which pathophysiologic process is likely occurring?
A. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Overproduction of catecholamines by a tumor
C. Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands
D. Excessive secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess corticosteroids,
particularly glucocorticoids like cortisol. The characteristic features include central obesity,
, a rounded moon face, and thin skin with purple striae. This condition can be caused by an
adrenal tumor or excessive ACTH secretion from the pituitary.
4. When comparing Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), which feature is unique to
Crohn’s disease?
A. Inflammation is limited to the mucosal layer
B. Presence of ‘skip lesions’ throughout the GI tract
C. Primary involvement of the rectum and sigmoid colon
D. Frequent occurrence of bloody diarrhea
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Crohn’s disease is characterized by transmural inflammation that can affect
any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. It typically presents with
‘skip lesions,’ where healthy tissue is interspersed between areas of inflammation. In
contrast, Ulcerative Colitis typically starts in the rectum and moves proximally in a
continuous fashion through the colon only.
5. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 25
mL/min. How would the nurse classify this stage of CKD?
A. Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR
B. Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR
C. Stage 5: Kidney failure
Actual Q&A with Rationale (NRS455 Exam 3) |
Grand Canyon University
1. A patient is admitted with suspected Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Which of the following
conditions are considered prerenal causes of AKI? (Select All That Apply)
A. Hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage
B. Acute tubular necrosis from aminoglycoside use
C. Congestive heart failure leading to low cardiac output
D. Bilaterial ureteral obstruction from calculi
E. Severe dehydration from excessive vomiting
F. Renal artery stenosis
Correct Answer: A, C, E, F
Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce systemic circulation, causing a
decrease in renal blood flow. Hypovolemic shock, heart failure, and dehydration all lead to
decreased perfusion to the kidneys. Renal artery stenosis directly limits blood flow
entering the kidney, whereas ATN is intrarenal and calculi are postrenal.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of a patient diagnosed with Nephrotic
Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria and hypertension
,B. Increased glomerular filtration rate
C. Massive proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
D. Hypolipidemia and weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to hypoalbuminemia, which
causes a shift of fluid into the interstitial space resulting in generalized edema. Patients also
typically present with hyperlipidemia as the liver compensates for protein loss by
increasing lipid synthesis.
3. A patient presents with a ‘buffalo hump,’ moon face, and purple striae on the abdomen.
Which pathophysiologic process is likely occurring?
A. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Overproduction of catecholamines by a tumor
C. Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands
D. Excessive secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess corticosteroids,
particularly glucocorticoids like cortisol. The characteristic features include central obesity,
, a rounded moon face, and thin skin with purple striae. This condition can be caused by an
adrenal tumor or excessive ACTH secretion from the pituitary.
4. When comparing Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), which feature is unique to
Crohn’s disease?
A. Inflammation is limited to the mucosal layer
B. Presence of ‘skip lesions’ throughout the GI tract
C. Primary involvement of the rectum and sigmoid colon
D. Frequent occurrence of bloody diarrhea
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Crohn’s disease is characterized by transmural inflammation that can affect
any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. It typically presents with
‘skip lesions,’ where healthy tissue is interspersed between areas of inflammation. In
contrast, Ulcerative Colitis typically starts in the rectum and moves proximally in a
continuous fashion through the colon only.
5. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 25
mL/min. How would the nurse classify this stage of CKD?
A. Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR
B. Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR
C. Stage 5: Kidney failure
