Test Bank Kuby Immunology 8th Edition
Punt | All Chapters 1-20 | Complete
Verified Q&A | A+ Guide
Chapter 1: Overview of the Immune System
1. Two early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies
develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. Which
statement correctly describes the selective theory and its ultimate acceptance?
A) The antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen; this was shown to be correct
B) The antigen selects and activates cells with pre-existing receptors; this was
shown to be correct
C) The antigen instructs the receptor to change specificity; this was shown to be
incorrect
D) The antigen receptor is degraded upon antigen binding; this was shown to be
incorrect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The selective theory states that when an antigen receptor
binds with an antigen, the cell becomes activated (selected) to proliferate and
secrete more copies of the receptor. The instructional theory proposed that the
antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was ultimately
shown to be correct.
2. Louis Pasteur discovered a cholera vaccine through serendipity. What key
observation led to the development of attenuated vaccines?
A) Chickens injected with fresh cholera bacteria survived
B) Chickens previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera were
protected from a new challenge
,C) Chickens injected with smallpox were protected from cholera
D) Chickens injected with antibodies from immune animals were protected
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pasteur challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
some of which had been previously exposed to an attenuated version. Only the
previously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to
the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite global eradication, smallpox remains a potential bioterrorism threat.
Why?
A) The virus has mutated to become more virulent
B) Vaccination programs largely ended, leaving an increasing percentage of the
population unvaccinated
C) The smallpox virus is easily transmitted through aerosol
D) There is no effective vaccine available
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs
largely ended. As populations grew, an ever-increasing percentage of the human
population remained unvaccinated and thus susceptible to the disease.
4. Which best defines "attenuation" in the context of vaccine development?
A) Enhancement of pathogen virulence
B) Decrease in the virulence of a pathogen, rendering it incapable of causing
disease
C) Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
D) Activation of the complement cascade
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Attenuation means a decrease in the virulence of a pathogen
to render it incapable of causing disease. This principle underlies live attenuated
vaccines.
,5. Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity:
A) Requires a competent immune system
B) Is long-lived and renewable
C) Is temporary and does not require a competent immune system
D) Is induced by vaccination
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunity is temporary adaptive immunity conferred by
transfer of immune products (e.g., antibody) from an immune to a non-immune
individual. A competent immune system is not needed, and it is short-lived. Active
immunity requires a competent immune system and is long-lived.
6. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by antigen-specific T cells and primarily
protects against:
A) Extracellular bacteria and foreign macromolecules
B) Intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer
C) Helminth parasites
D) Soluble toxins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by antigen-specific T cells
and protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer. Humoral immunity
protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign macromolecules.
7. Which statement about herd immunity is correct?
A) It occurs when a minority of the population is immune
B) It reduces pathogen reservoir due to low chance of susceptible individuals
contacting infected individuals
C) It requires vaccination of every individual
D) It applies only to bacterial diseases
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Herd immunity occurs when the majority of the population is
immune to an infectious agent, significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir
because of the low chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected
individual.
8. The flu shot must be administered annually, whereas the chickenpox vaccine
does not. What is the primary immunologic reason?
A) The flu virus changes every year, requiring a new vaccine based on predicted
strains
B) The chickenpox vaccine contains a live attenuated virus
C) The flu vaccine is a subunit vaccine
D) Chickenpox is caused by a bacterium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The virus that causes the flu changes every year; thus, a new
flu vaccine must be prepared annually based on prediction of the most common
forms. Vaccines are specific, and protection against one type does not guarantee
protection against closely related pathogens.
9. What is the benefit of generating random recognition receptors during B-cell
development?
A) Ensures recognition of self-antigens
B) Provides capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they
evolve
C) Prevents autoimmunity
D) Limits the diversity of the immune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A benefit of random receptor generation is having the capacity
to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they evolve. A drawback is that
some receptors could potentially recognize and target host antigens.
Punt | All Chapters 1-20 | Complete
Verified Q&A | A+ Guide
Chapter 1: Overview of the Immune System
1. Two early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies
develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. Which
statement correctly describes the selective theory and its ultimate acceptance?
A) The antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen; this was shown to be correct
B) The antigen selects and activates cells with pre-existing receptors; this was
shown to be correct
C) The antigen instructs the receptor to change specificity; this was shown to be
incorrect
D) The antigen receptor is degraded upon antigen binding; this was shown to be
incorrect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The selective theory states that when an antigen receptor
binds with an antigen, the cell becomes activated (selected) to proliferate and
secrete more copies of the receptor. The instructional theory proposed that the
antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was ultimately
shown to be correct.
2. Louis Pasteur discovered a cholera vaccine through serendipity. What key
observation led to the development of attenuated vaccines?
A) Chickens injected with fresh cholera bacteria survived
B) Chickens previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera were
protected from a new challenge
,C) Chickens injected with smallpox were protected from cholera
D) Chickens injected with antibodies from immune animals were protected
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pasteur challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
some of which had been previously exposed to an attenuated version. Only the
previously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to
the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite global eradication, smallpox remains a potential bioterrorism threat.
Why?
A) The virus has mutated to become more virulent
B) Vaccination programs largely ended, leaving an increasing percentage of the
population unvaccinated
C) The smallpox virus is easily transmitted through aerosol
D) There is no effective vaccine available
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs
largely ended. As populations grew, an ever-increasing percentage of the human
population remained unvaccinated and thus susceptible to the disease.
4. Which best defines "attenuation" in the context of vaccine development?
A) Enhancement of pathogen virulence
B) Decrease in the virulence of a pathogen, rendering it incapable of causing
disease
C) Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
D) Activation of the complement cascade
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Attenuation means a decrease in the virulence of a pathogen
to render it incapable of causing disease. This principle underlies live attenuated
vaccines.
,5. Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity:
A) Requires a competent immune system
B) Is long-lived and renewable
C) Is temporary and does not require a competent immune system
D) Is induced by vaccination
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunity is temporary adaptive immunity conferred by
transfer of immune products (e.g., antibody) from an immune to a non-immune
individual. A competent immune system is not needed, and it is short-lived. Active
immunity requires a competent immune system and is long-lived.
6. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by antigen-specific T cells and primarily
protects against:
A) Extracellular bacteria and foreign macromolecules
B) Intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer
C) Helminth parasites
D) Soluble toxins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by antigen-specific T cells
and protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer. Humoral immunity
protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign macromolecules.
7. Which statement about herd immunity is correct?
A) It occurs when a minority of the population is immune
B) It reduces pathogen reservoir due to low chance of susceptible individuals
contacting infected individuals
C) It requires vaccination of every individual
D) It applies only to bacterial diseases
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Herd immunity occurs when the majority of the population is
immune to an infectious agent, significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir
because of the low chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected
individual.
8. The flu shot must be administered annually, whereas the chickenpox vaccine
does not. What is the primary immunologic reason?
A) The flu virus changes every year, requiring a new vaccine based on predicted
strains
B) The chickenpox vaccine contains a live attenuated virus
C) The flu vaccine is a subunit vaccine
D) Chickenpox is caused by a bacterium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The virus that causes the flu changes every year; thus, a new
flu vaccine must be prepared annually based on prediction of the most common
forms. Vaccines are specific, and protection against one type does not guarantee
protection against closely related pathogens.
9. What is the benefit of generating random recognition receptors during B-cell
development?
A) Ensures recognition of self-antigens
B) Provides capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they
evolve
C) Prevents autoimmunity
D) Limits the diversity of the immune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A benefit of random receptor generation is having the capacity
to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they evolve. A drawback is that
some receptors could potentially recognize and target host antigens.
