NRS 445 Exam 3 V2 | NRS 445 Nursing Research
and Evidence-Based Practice | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NRS445 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon
University
1. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent in the framework?
A. Timeframe
B. Treatment
C. Testing
D. Target Population
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: In the PICOT mnemonic, ‘T’ stands for the timeframe or time period required
to achieve an outcome. This allows researchers to specify the duration of the intervention
or the period over which the population will be observed. Establishing a clear timeframe is
essential for assessing the feasibility and clinical relevance of the research question.
2. Which of the following are considered core principles of the Belmont Report that must be
applied to all human subjects research? (Select all that apply)
A. Beneficence
B. Justice
C. Fidelity
,D. Respect for Persons
E. Veracity
F. Non-maleficence
Correct Answer: A, B, D
Explanation: The Belmont Report identifies three primary ethical principles: Beneficence,
Justice, and Respect for Persons. Beneficence refers to the obligation to minimize harm and
maximize benefits for research participants. Justice ensures that the burdens and benefits
of research are distributed fairly among various groups, while Respect for Persons
acknowledges individual autonomy and protects those with diminished autonomy.
3. A nurse researcher is studying the effects of a new wound care protocol on healing time. In
this study, what type of variable is the wound healing time?
A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Independent variable
D. Confounding variable
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher is
interested in measuring or explaining. In this scenario, the healing time depends on the
,application of the new protocol. The protocol itself is the independent variable because it is
the intervention being manipulated to observe its effect.
4. What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To ensure that the research study is funded appropriately.
B. To ensure the research findings are published in high-impact journals.
C. To review the statistical analysis plan for accuracy.
D. To protect the rights and welfare of human research participants.
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The IRB is a committee established to review and approve research involving
human subjects to ensure ethical standards are met. Its primary focus is the protection of
participants from physical, psychological, or social harm. The board evaluates the risk-
benefit ratio and ensures that informed consent processes are adequate and transparent.
5. Which level of evidence is generally considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence for
evidence-based practice?
A. Single Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
B. Case-Control Studies
C. Systematic Review or Meta-analysis of RCTs
D. Expert Opinion or Consensus Reports
Correct Answer: C
, Explanation: A systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) represents Level I evidence, which is the gold standard for clinical decision-
making. These studies synthesize findings from multiple high-quality trials to provide a
more definitive conclusion than any single study could offer. Higher levels in the hierarchy
indicate greater control over bias and increased generalizability of the results.
6. A researcher uses a sample of patients who are easily accessible and available at a local
clinic. What type of sampling method is being utilized?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Stratified Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Cluster Sampling
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where
participants are chosen based on their proximity and ease of access. While this method is
cost-effective and efficient, it significantly increases the risk of selection bias. Consequently,
the findings from a convenience sample may not be representative of the broader
population being studied.
7. In a research report, what does a p-value of 0.03 indicate regarding the statistical
significance of the results?
A. The results are not statistically significant.
and Evidence-Based Practice | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NRS445 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon
University
1. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent in the framework?
A. Timeframe
B. Treatment
C. Testing
D. Target Population
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: In the PICOT mnemonic, ‘T’ stands for the timeframe or time period required
to achieve an outcome. This allows researchers to specify the duration of the intervention
or the period over which the population will be observed. Establishing a clear timeframe is
essential for assessing the feasibility and clinical relevance of the research question.
2. Which of the following are considered core principles of the Belmont Report that must be
applied to all human subjects research? (Select all that apply)
A. Beneficence
B. Justice
C. Fidelity
,D. Respect for Persons
E. Veracity
F. Non-maleficence
Correct Answer: A, B, D
Explanation: The Belmont Report identifies three primary ethical principles: Beneficence,
Justice, and Respect for Persons. Beneficence refers to the obligation to minimize harm and
maximize benefits for research participants. Justice ensures that the burdens and benefits
of research are distributed fairly among various groups, while Respect for Persons
acknowledges individual autonomy and protects those with diminished autonomy.
3. A nurse researcher is studying the effects of a new wound care protocol on healing time. In
this study, what type of variable is the wound healing time?
A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Independent variable
D. Confounding variable
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher is
interested in measuring or explaining. In this scenario, the healing time depends on the
,application of the new protocol. The protocol itself is the independent variable because it is
the intervention being manipulated to observe its effect.
4. What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To ensure that the research study is funded appropriately.
B. To ensure the research findings are published in high-impact journals.
C. To review the statistical analysis plan for accuracy.
D. To protect the rights and welfare of human research participants.
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The IRB is a committee established to review and approve research involving
human subjects to ensure ethical standards are met. Its primary focus is the protection of
participants from physical, psychological, or social harm. The board evaluates the risk-
benefit ratio and ensures that informed consent processes are adequate and transparent.
5. Which level of evidence is generally considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence for
evidence-based practice?
A. Single Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
B. Case-Control Studies
C. Systematic Review or Meta-analysis of RCTs
D. Expert Opinion or Consensus Reports
Correct Answer: C
, Explanation: A systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) represents Level I evidence, which is the gold standard for clinical decision-
making. These studies synthesize findings from multiple high-quality trials to provide a
more definitive conclusion than any single study could offer. Higher levels in the hierarchy
indicate greater control over bias and increased generalizability of the results.
6. A researcher uses a sample of patients who are easily accessible and available at a local
clinic. What type of sampling method is being utilized?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Stratified Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Cluster Sampling
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where
participants are chosen based on their proximity and ease of access. While this method is
cost-effective and efficient, it significantly increases the risk of selection bias. Consequently,
the findings from a convenience sample may not be representative of the broader
population being studied.
7. In a research report, what does a p-value of 0.03 indicate regarding the statistical
significance of the results?
A. The results are not statistically significant.
