__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2025 UPDATE
fluid volume excess also another word for ?
- HYPERvolemia
definition of fluid volume excess
- too much fluid in the vascular space ( any vessel in our body ex: vein , artery)
what are 2 causes of fluid volume excess?
- heart failure
- renal failure
heart failure ( HF) means what?
- the heart is weak
- the cardiac output is DOWN
- kidney perfusion is DOWN
- urinary output is DOWN
- the volume stays in the vascular space
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
renal failure( RF) means what?
- kidneys arent working
what are three things that contain A LOT of sodium?
- canned process foods
- IVF with sodium
- fleet enemas
Aldosterone ( steroid, mineralocorticoid) is found where?
- adrenal glands ( on top of the kidneys)
what is the normal action of aldosterone ?
When your blood volume gets low through for example vomiting or hemorrhage, the aldosterone
secretion increases and makes your body retain sodium and water and therefore increases the blood
volume
aldosterone makes us retain what?
SODIUM AND WATER
when aldosterone secretion increases ----> retain sodium/water---> blood volume goes ________ ---->
retain in ______________________
- up
- vascular space
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
what two diseases have too much aldosterone?
- cushings ( too much steroids)
- hyperaldosterosteronism ( aka: CONNS)
what disease has too little aldosterone?
- Addisons disease ( not enough aldosterone means you lose NA & water directly from the vascular
space)
when taking a Anti-diuretic hormone ( ADH) do you retain or diurese?
- retain
when taking a anti-diuretic what do you retain ?
- water
when you have too much ADH what happens in the body ?
- RETAIN water
- fluid volume EXCESS
- Syndrome of inappropriate ADH ( TOO MANY LETTERS TOO MUCH WATER )
- urine is CONCENTRATED ( too much ADH and NA )
- blood is DILUTED
when you have not enough ADH what happens in the body ?
- DIURESE water
- fluid volume DEFICIT
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
- DI ( diabetes insipidus) DIurese
- urine is DILUTED
- blood is CONCENTRATED
when checking the urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit on lets say a urine test strip if the urine
is concentrated will it make the numbers go up or down?
- UP
when checking the urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit on lets say a urine test strip if the urine
is diluted will it make the numbers go up or down?
- down
where is ADH found ?
- pituitary gland
what should you think about first when you think your patient has a ADH problem?
head injuries ( craniotomy, increase ICP )
transsphenoidhypophysisectomy
all the way through ( across) sinus pituitary removal
what are some drugs that are anti diuretic hormones ( ADH)
- vasoPRESSIN
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2025 UPDATE
fluid volume excess also another word for ?
- HYPERvolemia
definition of fluid volume excess
- too much fluid in the vascular space ( any vessel in our body ex: vein , artery)
what are 2 causes of fluid volume excess?
- heart failure
- renal failure
heart failure ( HF) means what?
- the heart is weak
- the cardiac output is DOWN
- kidney perfusion is DOWN
- urinary output is DOWN
- the volume stays in the vascular space
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
renal failure( RF) means what?
- kidneys arent working
what are three things that contain A LOT of sodium?
- canned process foods
- IVF with sodium
- fleet enemas
Aldosterone ( steroid, mineralocorticoid) is found where?
- adrenal glands ( on top of the kidneys)
what is the normal action of aldosterone ?
When your blood volume gets low through for example vomiting or hemorrhage, the aldosterone
secretion increases and makes your body retain sodium and water and therefore increases the blood
volume
aldosterone makes us retain what?
SODIUM AND WATER
when aldosterone secretion increases ----> retain sodium/water---> blood volume goes ________ ---->
retain in ______________________
- up
- vascular space
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
what two diseases have too much aldosterone?
- cushings ( too much steroids)
- hyperaldosterosteronism ( aka: CONNS)
what disease has too little aldosterone?
- Addisons disease ( not enough aldosterone means you lose NA & water directly from the vascular
space)
when taking a Anti-diuretic hormone ( ADH) do you retain or diurese?
- retain
when taking a anti-diuretic what do you retain ?
- water
when you have too much ADH what happens in the body ?
- RETAIN water
- fluid volume EXCESS
- Syndrome of inappropriate ADH ( TOO MANY LETTERS TOO MUCH WATER )
- urine is CONCENTRATED ( too much ADH and NA )
- blood is DILUTED
when you have not enough ADH what happens in the body ?
- DIURESE water
- fluid volume DEFICIT
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
,__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
- DI ( diabetes insipidus) DIurese
- urine is DILUTED
- blood is CONCENTRATED
when checking the urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit on lets say a urine test strip if the urine
is concentrated will it make the numbers go up or down?
- UP
when checking the urine specific gravity, sodium, and hematocrit on lets say a urine test strip if the urine
is diluted will it make the numbers go up or down?
- down
where is ADH found ?
- pituitary gland
what should you think about first when you think your patient has a ADH problem?
head injuries ( craniotomy, increase ICP )
transsphenoidhypophysisectomy
all the way through ( across) sinus pituitary removal
what are some drugs that are anti diuretic hormones ( ADH)
- vasoPRESSIN
__________________)(&)$*&!)($)(*&&*^(&(#()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HURST REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 UPDATE.pdf!#()*_*$_!*$___________________
