ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Study Guide | A+
Question 1.
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable
Correct Answer: age genetic disposition family history ethnic background
gender
Question 2.
CAD risk factors
Correct Answer: Age >55 male fam hx personal hx peripheral
vasc/Cerebrovascular disease smoking lipid abnorm DM HTN obesity
sedentary cocaine estrogen use dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high
triglycerides
Question 3.
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized
Correct Answer: becomes oxidized when exposed to endothelial cells and
smooth muscle cell then exposed to macrophages becomes foam cell makes
up atherosclerotic plaque
Question 4.
what does HDL do
Correct Answer: reverse cholesterol transport returns excess cholesterol from
the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and is processed or
eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids protects LDL
from oxidation
Question 5.
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD
Correct Answer: lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high
glucose levels which causes a greater integration into macrophages (engulf
oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the arterial wall causing platelet
aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
Question 6.
android obesity
Correct Answer: excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs strongest link
,with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood
pressure, and inflammation
Question 7.
9 P21
Correct Answer: genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
Question 8.
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent
Correct Answer: inverse relationship if you have a parent who had an MI at 40
you have a higher risk than someone who's parent had one at 70
Question 9.
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men t/f
Correct Answer: false
Question 10.
lipoprotein (a) and CAD
Correct Answer: nontraditional risk factor associated with atherosclerosis and
thrombosis genetically derived particle at risk for premature CAD as well as
stroke
Question 11.
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP)
Correct Answer: acute phase reactant or protein made in liver indirect
measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression
inflammatory marker the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque
ruptures
Question 12.
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke
Correct Answer: true
Question 13.
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for
CAD
Correct Answer: false high numbers of small dense LDL
,Question 14.
total cholesterol levels
Correct Answer: desirable - <200 Borderline - 200-239 high - >240
Question 15.
LDL levels
Correct Answer: Optimal: <100 Near optimal: 100-129 Borderline high:
130-159 High: 160-189 Very high: >190
Question 16.
Triglycerides levels
Correct Answer: desirable - <150 borderline - 150 - 199 high - 200-499 very
high - >500
Question 17.
HDL levels
Correct Answer: low - <40 high - >60
Question 18.
response to injury hypothesis
Correct Answer: Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque build up begins with
the endothelial damage changes in permeability monocytes attach move in
release oxygen free radicals LDL becomes oxidized monocyte becomes
macrophage cell dies dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque cover by
smooth muscle cell
Question 19.
fatty streak
Correct Answer: first lesion of atherosclerosis -thickening of intima -inc. in
smooth muscle cells -smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into intima
-lipid deposits accumulate -macrophages cause damage
Question 20.
fibrous plaque
Correct Answer: second lesion of atherosclerosis -evolves from fatty streak
-accumulation of connective tissue -inc. in number of smooth muscle cells
-deeper lipid pool -results in further endothelial cell dysfunction, necrosis,
narrowing lumen -development of fibrous cap
, Question 21.
advanced (complicated) lesion
Correct Answer: -elevated and protrudes into lumen -smooth muscle,
macrophages, t cells, associated with lipid core and necrotic material -covered
by fibrous cap as it protrudes into lumen -thick cap - provides stability -thin
cap - macrophage rich - lesion is unsatlbe -inflammation thrombosis,
hemorrhage, calcification -rupture
Question 22.
stable plaque
Correct Answer: graudally increases in size and may partially occlude the
lumen, limiting flow, causing ischemia exists in the wall, attached thick cap
Question 23.
unstable plaques
Correct Answer: prone to rupture thrombus formation can suddenly cut off
blood supply to heart resulting in acute MI thrombosis is the hallmark for
acute coronary syndromes thin cap
Question 24.
myocardial ischemia
Correct Answer: Develops if coronary blood flow or the oxygen content of
coronary blood is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of myocardial
cell
Question 25.
common causes of increased myocardial demand for blood
Correct Answer: tachycardia exercise hypertension hypertrophy vulvar
disease
Question 26.
causes of MI
Correct Answer: decreased blood and oxygen delivery to the myocardium
coronary spasm hypotension dysrhythmias decreased oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood (anemia, hypoxemia) aortic vlavular disease
Question 27.
time frame of MI
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Study Guide | A+
Question 1.
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable
Correct Answer: age genetic disposition family history ethnic background
gender
Question 2.
CAD risk factors
Correct Answer: Age >55 male fam hx personal hx peripheral
vasc/Cerebrovascular disease smoking lipid abnorm DM HTN obesity
sedentary cocaine estrogen use dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high
triglycerides
Question 3.
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized
Correct Answer: becomes oxidized when exposed to endothelial cells and
smooth muscle cell then exposed to macrophages becomes foam cell makes
up atherosclerotic plaque
Question 4.
what does HDL do
Correct Answer: reverse cholesterol transport returns excess cholesterol from
the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and is processed or
eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids protects LDL
from oxidation
Question 5.
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD
Correct Answer: lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high
glucose levels which causes a greater integration into macrophages (engulf
oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the arterial wall causing platelet
aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
Question 6.
android obesity
Correct Answer: excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs strongest link
,with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood
pressure, and inflammation
Question 7.
9 P21
Correct Answer: genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
Question 8.
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent
Correct Answer: inverse relationship if you have a parent who had an MI at 40
you have a higher risk than someone who's parent had one at 70
Question 9.
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men t/f
Correct Answer: false
Question 10.
lipoprotein (a) and CAD
Correct Answer: nontraditional risk factor associated with atherosclerosis and
thrombosis genetically derived particle at risk for premature CAD as well as
stroke
Question 11.
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP)
Correct Answer: acute phase reactant or protein made in liver indirect
measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression
inflammatory marker the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque
ruptures
Question 12.
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke
Correct Answer: true
Question 13.
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for
CAD
Correct Answer: false high numbers of small dense LDL
,Question 14.
total cholesterol levels
Correct Answer: desirable - <200 Borderline - 200-239 high - >240
Question 15.
LDL levels
Correct Answer: Optimal: <100 Near optimal: 100-129 Borderline high:
130-159 High: 160-189 Very high: >190
Question 16.
Triglycerides levels
Correct Answer: desirable - <150 borderline - 150 - 199 high - 200-499 very
high - >500
Question 17.
HDL levels
Correct Answer: low - <40 high - >60
Question 18.
response to injury hypothesis
Correct Answer: Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque build up begins with
the endothelial damage changes in permeability monocytes attach move in
release oxygen free radicals LDL becomes oxidized monocyte becomes
macrophage cell dies dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque cover by
smooth muscle cell
Question 19.
fatty streak
Correct Answer: first lesion of atherosclerosis -thickening of intima -inc. in
smooth muscle cells -smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into intima
-lipid deposits accumulate -macrophages cause damage
Question 20.
fibrous plaque
Correct Answer: second lesion of atherosclerosis -evolves from fatty streak
-accumulation of connective tissue -inc. in number of smooth muscle cells
-deeper lipid pool -results in further endothelial cell dysfunction, necrosis,
narrowing lumen -development of fibrous cap
, Question 21.
advanced (complicated) lesion
Correct Answer: -elevated and protrudes into lumen -smooth muscle,
macrophages, t cells, associated with lipid core and necrotic material -covered
by fibrous cap as it protrudes into lumen -thick cap - provides stability -thin
cap - macrophage rich - lesion is unsatlbe -inflammation thrombosis,
hemorrhage, calcification -rupture
Question 22.
stable plaque
Correct Answer: graudally increases in size and may partially occlude the
lumen, limiting flow, causing ischemia exists in the wall, attached thick cap
Question 23.
unstable plaques
Correct Answer: prone to rupture thrombus formation can suddenly cut off
blood supply to heart resulting in acute MI thrombosis is the hallmark for
acute coronary syndromes thin cap
Question 24.
myocardial ischemia
Correct Answer: Develops if coronary blood flow or the oxygen content of
coronary blood is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of myocardial
cell
Question 25.
common causes of increased myocardial demand for blood
Correct Answer: tachycardia exercise hypertension hypertrophy vulvar
disease
Question 26.
causes of MI
Correct Answer: decreased blood and oxygen delivery to the myocardium
coronary spasm hypotension dysrhythmias decreased oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood (anemia, hypoxemia) aortic vlavular disease
Question 27.
time frame of MI
