ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Practice Questions | A+ Verified

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers | Practice Questions |
A+ Verified

Question 1.
What is the main pathophysiological theory for multiple sclerosis?

Correct Answer: It's an autoimmune/neurodegenerative disease:
-inflammation -demyelination/remyelination -permanent axonal damage


Question 2.
What are the Myelin forming cells of the CNS?

Correct Answer: Oligodendrocytes


Question 3.
What do T-Helper cell types 1 & 17 do?

Correct Answer: Pro-inflammatory


Question 4.
What does T-Helper cell type 2 do?

Correct Answer: Anti-inflammatory


Question 5.
Which T cell types exhibit plasticity?

Correct Answer: T-Helper 17 & T- Regulatory


Question 6.
What is the pathophysiology of Multple Sclerosis?

Correct Answer: 1. Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4,
aka α4- integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases
(MMP).
2. VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the
blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB,
allowing cell entry into the CNS.
3. Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and
Osteopontin [OP]) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell
entry into the CNS.
4. T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages to
produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.
5. B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies

,that form membrane attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis.


Question 7.
In MS, autoreactive T cells express ____________ on their cell surface and secrete
______________.

Correct Answer: Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, aka
α4-integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases
(MMP).


Question 8.
In MS, VLA-4 binds to ____________ receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP
results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.

Correct Answer: VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM)
receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of
the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.


Question 9.
In MS, once T cells enter the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (__________, _________, and
_______________) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the
CNS.

Correct Answer: Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ,
and Osteopontin [OP]) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T
cell entry into the CNS.


Question 10.
In MS, T cells in the CNS interact with __________, ___________, and _________________ to
produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.

Correct Answer: T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and
macrophages to produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS
damage.
• In MS, _______ cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific
antibodies that form membrane attack complexes with complement causing
cell lysis. -✓✓B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific
antibodies that form membrane attack complexes with complement causing
cell lysis.


Question 11.
Which disease presents in the following way: **Visual changes, optic neuritis (Often the
1st sign/symptom) -Paresthesias -Gait issues/falls -Foot drop -Dysdiadochokinesia
-Fatigue -Weakness -Impaired coordination -Cognitive changes
MRI: ***Gadolinium enhanced lesions

, LUMBAR PUNCTURE TEST: -Increased IgG -Increased Myelin basic protein (MBP)
-Increased CSF protein

Correct Answer: Multiple Sclerosis


Question 12.
Which cognitive test is most commonly used to diagnose MS?

Correct Answer: Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)


Question 13.
What is the primary diagnostic test for MS?

Correct Answer: MRI with or without contrast


Question 14.
The McDonald Criteria is used to diagnose MS, and involves lesions disseminated in
________________ and _______________.

Correct Answer: Disseminated in time (DIT) Disseminated in space (DIS)


Question 15.
What does the McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in time (DIT) require?

Correct Answer: One of the following:
1. Gadolinium-enhancing lesions (compared to baseline MRI).
2. Simultaneous presence of Gadolinium-enhancing and non-enhancing
lesions.


Question 16.
The McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in space (DIS) requires the
presence of lesions in 2 out of what four areas?

Correct Answer: 1. Periventricular
2. Juxtacortical
3. Infratentorial
4. Spinal cord


Question 17.
Which type of MS is were the patient has MRI features of MS, but does not meet the DIS,
and have no symptoms?

Correct Answer: Radiographically Isolated Syndrome (RIS)