BIOS 256 FINAL COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT
WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
◉ ADH function
Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting
aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the
permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed,
decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing
blood pressure
◉ What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption
and urine regulation?
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
◉ When is RAAS activated?
Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this
causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system.
This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late
DCT and collecting ducts
,◉ Functions of ANP
Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated
excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows,
therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood
volume.
◉ What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
◉ What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF?
Answer: K+, proteins, and phosphates
◉ 3 buffer systems in the body
Answer: (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2)
the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
◉ Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system
Answer: Increased exhalation of CO2 increases exhalation of H+ and
increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation
of H+ and decreases the pH
◉ Kidneys as a buffer system
, Answer: Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb HCO3- so it
is not lost in urine
◉ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient amounts
of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the
excretion of H+ in urine and increasing HCO3- reabsorption
◉ Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the
excretion of H+ and decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3-
◉ Metabolic acidosis
Answer: Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by
hyperventilating, causing an increase in the loss of CO2, increasing
the pH
◉ Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: Increased HCO3-, increased pH
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hypo
ventilating, causing a decrease in the loss of CO2, decreasing the pH
WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
◉ ADH function
Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting
aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the
permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed,
decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing
blood pressure
◉ What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption
and urine regulation?
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
◉ When is RAAS activated?
Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this
causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system.
This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late
DCT and collecting ducts
,◉ Functions of ANP
Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated
excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows,
therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood
volume.
◉ What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
◉ What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF?
Answer: K+, proteins, and phosphates
◉ 3 buffer systems in the body
Answer: (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2)
the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
◉ Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system
Answer: Increased exhalation of CO2 increases exhalation of H+ and
increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation
of H+ and decreases the pH
◉ Kidneys as a buffer system
, Answer: Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb HCO3- so it
is not lost in urine
◉ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient amounts
of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the
excretion of H+ in urine and increasing HCO3- reabsorption
◉ Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the
excretion of H+ and decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3-
◉ Metabolic acidosis
Answer: Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by
hyperventilating, causing an increase in the loss of CO2, increasing
the pH
◉ Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: Increased HCO3-, increased pH
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hypo
ventilating, causing a decrease in the loss of CO2, decreasing the pH
