Maryville University
Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1 |
Study Guide, Practice
Questions & Exam
Review
|Guaranteed success|
, Hypertrophy (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this
is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that
occurs secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be
reversed if irritant stopped
Cellular metabolism During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
level have on cells?
ATP=energy Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
(Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water
then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
progression of which diseases? unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species
play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations
associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, and chronic heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during :Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
chemical injury? nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term "Fatty Liver)
Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1 |
Study Guide, Practice
Questions & Exam
Review
|Guaranteed success|
, Hypertrophy (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this
is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that
occurs secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be
reversed if irritant stopped
Cellular metabolism During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
level have on cells?
ATP=energy Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
(Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water
then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
progression of which diseases? unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable;
thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species
play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations
associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, and chronic heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during :Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
chemical injury? nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term "Fatty Liver)
