UCI Bio 93- Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Graded A+

UCI Bio 93- Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Update 2026 | Graded A+ atoms - answer-smallest unit of chemical elements molecules - answer-two or more atoms combined compound - answer-two or more elements combined in a fixed ration C, O, H, N - answer-... are 4 elements that make up 96% of all living matter covalent bond - answer-what is the strongest bond? covalent - answer-sharing of electrons by two atoms ionic - answer-transfer of electrons between two atoms hydrogen bond - answer-what is a weak bond? hydrogen bond - answer-the H atom forms one covalent bond and a second weaker bond with an atom in another molecules nonpolar - answer-equal sharing of electrons (two of the same element)polar - answer-unequal sharing of electrons has a charge (water) negative - answer-what is the charge of O in water? positive - answer-what is the charge of H in water? cohesion - answer-interactions between water molecules (H2O with H2O) solvent - answer-interactions between water and other molecules 4 bonds - answer-what is the maximum amount of bonds that hydrogen can form? 15% - answer-in room temperature of water what % is the maximum amount of bonds going to be made? more acidic - answer-when H+ concentration increases... more basic - answer-what H- concentration decreases... hydrophilic - answer-affinity for water (polar and ionic bonds)hydrophobic - answer-repel water (nonpolar covalent bonds) buffers - answer-chemical processes are sensitive to pH changes and resist change in the pH solution 7.4 - answer-the pH of human blood is... carbonic acid and bicarbonate - answer-what are the main buffers in blood? right - answer-response to a rise in pH in blood (becomes more basic) left - answer-response to a drop in pH in blood (becomes more acidic) carbon atoms - answer-building blocks for biological molecules 4 VE - answer-how many VE does carbon have? covalent bonds - answer-how do functional groups join to the carbon skeleton? hydroxyl - answer--alcohols -polar -dissolves organic compounds (like sugars) carbonyl - answer--ketones (within skeleton) -aldehydes (at the end of skeleton)carboxyl - answer--is acidic -weak acid -hydroxyl+carbonyl amino - answer--base -animes -can pick up H from surrounding solutions amino and carboxyl - answer-what functional groups make up an amino acid? sulfhydryl - answer--thiols -cross-linking of cysteines -stabilizes protein structure phosphate - answer--backbone for phospholipids -negative charge -hydrophilic methyl - answer--expression of genes -sex hormones (shape and function) carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins - answer-what are the 4 types of macromolecules? carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids - answer-which macromolecules are made of polymers?lipids - answer--diverse group of hydrophobic macromolecules -built from two or more DIFFERENT small subunits dehydration reaction - answer-removal of water molecules to form a polymer (makes a bond) hydrolysis - answer-addition of water to polymers to break bonds carbohydrates - answer-sugars and their polymers monosaccharide - answer-single monomer, form rings in aqueous solutions disaccharide - answer-2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) polysaccharides - answer-polymers of 100s and 1000s of monosaccharides (connected by glycosidic linkage) starch and glycogen - answer-what forms of energy storage are in plants and animals? fats, phospholipids, and steroids - answer-what are the 3 types of lipids? ester linkages - answer-what types of bonds are in fats and phospholipids? saturated and unsaturated - answer-what forms do fats come in?saturated fats - answer--No C=C double bonds -more dense unsaturated fats - answer--C=C double bonds carbohydrates - answer-fuels cellular respiration polyunsaturated fat - answer-more than one unsaturated carbon bond polyunsaturated fat - answer-fat that reduces cholesterol in blood and lower the risk of heart problems 9 - answer-how many calories is in 1 gram of fat? (all fats) phospholipids - answer-glycerol+ two fatty acids+ phosphate group+ choline -hydrophilic head -hydrophobic tail steroids - answer-carbon skeleton with 4 rings and varying functional groups cholesterol - answer-molecules that stabilize membrane fluidity proteins - answer--one or more polypeptide with specific 3D conformation -support, storage, transport, signaling, receptors, movement, catalysis, defense polymer of amino acids to polypeptide - answer-what is the structure of proteins?amino group, hydrogen and carboxyl - answer-what are composed in the structure of amino acids? r-group - answer-variable side chain covalent bond - answer-what type of chemical bond joins a functional group to the carbon skeleton of a large molecule? they release a water molecule - answer-what happens when 2 monosaccharides join to make a disaccharide? serine, threonine and tyrosine - answer-what can be replaced by a phosphate group?