NR283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. JUST
RELEASED
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult cell type with
another in response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type better able to withstand
the adverse environment.
2. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents with a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL. What is
the primary pathophysiological mechanism for this anemia?
A. Iron deficiency due to poor diet
B. Shortened lifespan of red blood cells
,C. Chronic blood loss during hemodialysis
D. Deficiency in erythropoietin production
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, the reduction in
functional renal tissue leads to insufficient erythropoietin, resulting in decreased red blood
cell production.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type III
B. Type II
C. Type I
D. Type IV
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic/anaphylactic) is IgE-mediated,
leading to mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine.
4. In the compensatory stage of shock, which mechanism helps maintain blood pressure?
A. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
, D. Decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: RAAS activation promotes sodium and water retention and
vasoconstriction, which helps maintain blood volume and pressure during early shock.
5. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive production of glucagon
D. Failure of the liver to store glycogen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune-mediated
destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.
6. What is the hallmark clinical finding of a tension pneumothorax?
A. Hyperresonance on the affected side
B. Mediastinal shift toward the affected side
C. Increased breath sounds on the affected side
D. Mediastinal shift toward the unaffected side
Answer: D
EXAM COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. JUST
RELEASED
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one adult cell type with
another in response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type better able to withstand
the adverse environment.
2. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents with a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL. What is
the primary pathophysiological mechanism for this anemia?
A. Iron deficiency due to poor diet
B. Shortened lifespan of red blood cells
,C. Chronic blood loss during hemodialysis
D. Deficiency in erythropoietin production
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, the reduction in
functional renal tissue leads to insufficient erythropoietin, resulting in decreased red blood
cell production.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type III
B. Type II
C. Type I
D. Type IV
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity (allergic/anaphylactic) is IgE-mediated,
leading to mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine.
4. In the compensatory stage of shock, which mechanism helps maintain blood pressure?
A. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
, D. Decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: RAAS activation promotes sodium and water retention and
vasoconstriction, which helps maintain blood volume and pressure during early shock.
5. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive production of glucagon
D. Failure of the liver to store glycogen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune-mediated
destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.
6. What is the hallmark clinical finding of a tension pneumothorax?
A. Hyperresonance on the affected side
B. Mediastinal shift toward the affected side
C. Increased breath sounds on the affected side
D. Mediastinal shift toward the unaffected side
Answer: D
