APHY 101 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ What are the levels of organization?
Answer: subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
◉ What are the requirements of life?
Answer: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
◉ What are the characteristics of life?
Answer: Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to
internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without
change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells);
Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown
of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes
and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids);
Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms);
Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
◉ Define homeostasis
Answer: Body's maintenance of a stable environment
,◉ What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Answer: the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-
regulating control systems; examples are regulating body
temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body
pressure
◉ Define matter
Answer: Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is
composed of elements.
◉ Define element
Answer: fundamental substance composed of chemically identical
atoms
◉ Define atoms
Answer: smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
◉ What is the structure of an atom?
Answer: An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and
neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
,◉ Atomic nucleus
Answer: the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
◉ Proton
Answer: subatomic particle that has a positive charge
◉ Neutron
Answer: subatomic particle that has no charge
◉ Electron
Answer: subatomic particle that has a negative charge
◉ Atomic number
Answer: number or protons in nucleus
◉ Atomic mass
Answer: number of protons plus number of neutrons
◉ What are covalent bonds?
Answer: Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to
become stable with filled
outer shells
, ◉ What are ionic bonds?
Answer: 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons
are transferred from one atom to another atom
◉ What are hydrogen bonds?
Answer: Weak attraction between positive end of one polar
molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed
between water molecules
◉ Define ion
Answer: When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
◉ Define synthesis reaction
Answer: Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together
◉ Define decomposition reaction
Answer: Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
◉ Define exchange reaction
Answer: Parts of molecules trade places
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ What are the levels of organization?
Answer: subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
◉ What are the requirements of life?
Answer: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
◉ What are the characteristics of life?
Answer: Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to
internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without
change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells);
Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown
of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes
and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids);
Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms);
Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
◉ Define homeostasis
Answer: Body's maintenance of a stable environment
,◉ What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Answer: the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-
regulating control systems; examples are regulating body
temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body
pressure
◉ Define matter
Answer: Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is
composed of elements.
◉ Define element
Answer: fundamental substance composed of chemically identical
atoms
◉ Define atoms
Answer: smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
◉ What is the structure of an atom?
Answer: An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and
neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
,◉ Atomic nucleus
Answer: the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
◉ Proton
Answer: subatomic particle that has a positive charge
◉ Neutron
Answer: subatomic particle that has no charge
◉ Electron
Answer: subatomic particle that has a negative charge
◉ Atomic number
Answer: number or protons in nucleus
◉ Atomic mass
Answer: number of protons plus number of neutrons
◉ What are covalent bonds?
Answer: Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to
become stable with filled
outer shells
, ◉ What are ionic bonds?
Answer: 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons
are transferred from one atom to another atom
◉ What are hydrogen bonds?
Answer: Weak attraction between positive end of one polar
molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed
between water molecules
◉ Define ion
Answer: When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
◉ Define synthesis reaction
Answer: Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together
◉ Define decomposition reaction
Answer: Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
◉ Define exchange reaction
Answer: Parts of molecules trade places
