POUL 1010E ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Ovoviviparous - ✔✔Fertilization is internal but the development of offsprings occurs
from the nourishment of an encased eggs that's in the female's body (or in the male's
body (Rare)) for protection. No nourishment provided by the parents during
development
✔✔Oviparous - ✔✔*All birds are oviparous*
Internal fertilization, but the development of the embryo occurs outside the mother's
body within an encased egg that provides the nutrients for its development and growth
✔✔Long Cues for reproduction - ✔✔- Increasing day length (birds that respond to this
cue are long-day breeders; penguins are short-day breeders and initiate reproduction in
response to decreasing day length), increasing environmental temperatures, and
increased food supply
✔✔Medium Cues for reproduction - ✔✔(More important closer to the equator where day
length changes less)
- Establishing a territory and an adequate food supply
✔✔Short Cues for reproduction - ✔✔- Having a nest site and mate, courtship
✔✔Lack of the right ovary and oviduct, regression of the left ovary and oviduct in non-
breeding periods - ✔✔- Hypothesized to be a weight reduction mechanism that
developed for flight purposes
✔✔5 parts to oviduct - ✔✔*Infundibulum or funnel*: Collects the yolk
*Ampulla or magnum*: Secretes more than 40% of albumen [egg white]
*Isthmus*: Secretes some albumen and shell membranes
*Uterus or shell gland*: Secretes 40% of albumen and egg's shell
*Vagina*: Secretes egg's outer cuticle and possibly egg's pigment
✔✔Male reproductive characteristics - ✔✔- Internal testes
, - *Production of a lot of sperm compared to other animals such as humans or farm
animals to make up for increased sperm mortality, and quick attrition time of again
sperm*
✔✔The fact that most male birds lack an intermittent organ: Why a few birds still have
retained a penis - ✔✔- Water damage protection and sperm competition
✔✔How do birds attract mates - ✔✔- Typically the female is choosing the male based
on his genetic potential
-- During courtship, females almost always choose the male based on who she thinks
will provide her offspring with the best genetics
-- Factors used to attract by males are usually visual or acoustic based
✔✔Reasons for birds laying eggs with specks of color - ✔✔- Ground birds lay speckled
eggs for camouflage
- So they can identify their eggs
- Camouflage from predators
- Identify their own in huge group
- Protection against brood parasites
✔✔Determinate egg layers - ✔✔Female bird species that enter the reproductive season
with a set number of eggs that will be produced and are unable to produce a second
clutch of eggs if their eggs are destroyed during a reproductive season
✔✔Indeterminate egg layers - ✔✔If her first cloth of eggs was consumed by a predator
during incubation, a bird would be able to produce another cloth of eggs that same
breeding season
✔✔Precocious Chicks - ✔✔(Turkeys, Chickens, & Ducks)
- Leave nests within 24 hours of being born
- Nest on eggs
- Very developed & independent
- Eyes are open and walking
- Able to keep themselves warm
- Food goes towards motor function & growth
- Develop slower once hatched
✔✔Altricious Chicks - ✔✔( Song birds)
- In elevated nests & need protection until they can fly
- Born featherless
- Eyes aren't developed & completely dependent for food
-- Protection
--Warmth
- All food eaten goes towards their growth
✔✔Ovoviviparous - ✔✔Fertilization is internal but the development of offsprings occurs
from the nourishment of an encased eggs that's in the female's body (or in the male's
body (Rare)) for protection. No nourishment provided by the parents during
development
✔✔Oviparous - ✔✔*All birds are oviparous*
Internal fertilization, but the development of the embryo occurs outside the mother's
body within an encased egg that provides the nutrients for its development and growth
✔✔Long Cues for reproduction - ✔✔- Increasing day length (birds that respond to this
cue are long-day breeders; penguins are short-day breeders and initiate reproduction in
response to decreasing day length), increasing environmental temperatures, and
increased food supply
✔✔Medium Cues for reproduction - ✔✔(More important closer to the equator where day
length changes less)
- Establishing a territory and an adequate food supply
✔✔Short Cues for reproduction - ✔✔- Having a nest site and mate, courtship
✔✔Lack of the right ovary and oviduct, regression of the left ovary and oviduct in non-
breeding periods - ✔✔- Hypothesized to be a weight reduction mechanism that
developed for flight purposes
✔✔5 parts to oviduct - ✔✔*Infundibulum or funnel*: Collects the yolk
*Ampulla or magnum*: Secretes more than 40% of albumen [egg white]
*Isthmus*: Secretes some albumen and shell membranes
*Uterus or shell gland*: Secretes 40% of albumen and egg's shell
*Vagina*: Secretes egg's outer cuticle and possibly egg's pigment
✔✔Male reproductive characteristics - ✔✔- Internal testes
, - *Production of a lot of sperm compared to other animals such as humans or farm
animals to make up for increased sperm mortality, and quick attrition time of again
sperm*
✔✔The fact that most male birds lack an intermittent organ: Why a few birds still have
retained a penis - ✔✔- Water damage protection and sperm competition
✔✔How do birds attract mates - ✔✔- Typically the female is choosing the male based
on his genetic potential
-- During courtship, females almost always choose the male based on who she thinks
will provide her offspring with the best genetics
-- Factors used to attract by males are usually visual or acoustic based
✔✔Reasons for birds laying eggs with specks of color - ✔✔- Ground birds lay speckled
eggs for camouflage
- So they can identify their eggs
- Camouflage from predators
- Identify their own in huge group
- Protection against brood parasites
✔✔Determinate egg layers - ✔✔Female bird species that enter the reproductive season
with a set number of eggs that will be produced and are unable to produce a second
clutch of eggs if their eggs are destroyed during a reproductive season
✔✔Indeterminate egg layers - ✔✔If her first cloth of eggs was consumed by a predator
during incubation, a bird would be able to produce another cloth of eggs that same
breeding season
✔✔Precocious Chicks - ✔✔(Turkeys, Chickens, & Ducks)
- Leave nests within 24 hours of being born
- Nest on eggs
- Very developed & independent
- Eyes are open and walking
- Able to keep themselves warm
- Food goes towards motor function & growth
- Develop slower once hatched
✔✔Altricious Chicks - ✔✔( Song birds)
- In elevated nests & need protection until they can fly
- Born featherless
- Eyes aren't developed & completely dependent for food
-- Protection
--Warmth
- All food eaten goes towards their growth
