COPR PCP END OF COURSE ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔abnormally low level of sugar in the blood. <4.0mmol
s/s : fast and wet (diaphoretic), agitation, altered mental status, tachycardia, seizures,
n/v
✔✔hyperglycemia - ✔✔excessive sugar in the blood >8mmol
s/s: slow and dry (dehydrated), some pts are routinely high, polyuria, polyphagia,
polydipsia
✔✔Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes
in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available.
s/s : kussmals respirations, can be triggered by an infection, high stress, trauma or
uncontrolled diabetes sweet breath, rapid and deep resps
✔✔adrenal hormones - ✔✔hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands and that
are involved in emotion and stress: cortisol, epi and norepi
✔✔"rest and digest" hormone - ✔✔acetylcholine
✔✔Opioids - ✔✔decrease HR and BP, slow respirations, pinpoint pupils, dry skin
E.g: fentanyl, heroin, morphine, oxycodone, diuladid (hydromorphone), percocet
✔✔cholinergic drugs - ✔✔agents that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system in
the same manner as acetylcholine
E.g: organophosphates (fertilizers), nerve agents (serin, tabun, Vx, novi), mushrooms.
✔✔Anticholinergic drugs - ✔✔drugs that interrupt or reduce the function of the
parasympathetic system by blocking acetylcholine
E.g: atropine, gravol, antipsychotics, benedryl
increase HR and BP, temp dilated pupils, dry skin
, ✔✔sedative-hypnotics - ✔✔anti-anxiety agents, muscle relaxants, preanesthetic meds,
barbs and benzos
decrease HR and BP, decrease resps, cool skin, dry skin, normal pupils
✔✔Sympathomimetic drugs - ✔✔A class of drugs whose effects mimic those resulting
from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
SSRIs, coke, MDMA, ketamine, meth, amphetamines, adderal
Increased HR, BP and temp, dilated pupils
✔✔Beta Blockers - ✔✔decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta
receptors
E.g: metoprolol, abetalol, bezoprolol
glucagon reverses the symptoms
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and
hypertension
E.g: dictrazem,cardizem, amlodpine, lifedipine
✔✔Sodium channel blockers - ✔✔Antiarrhythmic medications that slow conduction
through the heart.
E.g: tricyclic antidepressants, wide QRS, bradycardia
✔✔Activated Charcoal - ✔✔An oral medication that binds and adsorbs ingested toxins
in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses.
contraindicated if there is sedation risk, vomiting risk, alcohol, caustic substances, not to
administer later than 1hr from ingestion.
✔✔why do elderly don't feel as much pain when injured? - ✔✔their myelin sheet is
breaking down causing them to feel less pain. when dealing with elders in trauma
always keep this in mind.
✔✔exocrine glands - ✔✔have ducts, releasing hormones onto membrane surfaces. E.g:
gi tract, skin
✔✔endocrine glands - ✔✔are ductless, release its hormones onto the bloodstream so
they can travel to certain areas to then produce its effects
✔✔hypothalamus - ✔✔a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating,
drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,
and is linked to emotion
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔abnormally low level of sugar in the blood. <4.0mmol
s/s : fast and wet (diaphoretic), agitation, altered mental status, tachycardia, seizures,
n/v
✔✔hyperglycemia - ✔✔excessive sugar in the blood >8mmol
s/s: slow and dry (dehydrated), some pts are routinely high, polyuria, polyphagia,
polydipsia
✔✔Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes
in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available.
s/s : kussmals respirations, can be triggered by an infection, high stress, trauma or
uncontrolled diabetes sweet breath, rapid and deep resps
✔✔adrenal hormones - ✔✔hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands and that
are involved in emotion and stress: cortisol, epi and norepi
✔✔"rest and digest" hormone - ✔✔acetylcholine
✔✔Opioids - ✔✔decrease HR and BP, slow respirations, pinpoint pupils, dry skin
E.g: fentanyl, heroin, morphine, oxycodone, diuladid (hydromorphone), percocet
✔✔cholinergic drugs - ✔✔agents that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system in
the same manner as acetylcholine
E.g: organophosphates (fertilizers), nerve agents (serin, tabun, Vx, novi), mushrooms.
✔✔Anticholinergic drugs - ✔✔drugs that interrupt or reduce the function of the
parasympathetic system by blocking acetylcholine
E.g: atropine, gravol, antipsychotics, benedryl
increase HR and BP, temp dilated pupils, dry skin
, ✔✔sedative-hypnotics - ✔✔anti-anxiety agents, muscle relaxants, preanesthetic meds,
barbs and benzos
decrease HR and BP, decrease resps, cool skin, dry skin, normal pupils
✔✔Sympathomimetic drugs - ✔✔A class of drugs whose effects mimic those resulting
from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
SSRIs, coke, MDMA, ketamine, meth, amphetamines, adderal
Increased HR, BP and temp, dilated pupils
✔✔Beta Blockers - ✔✔decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta
receptors
E.g: metoprolol, abetalol, bezoprolol
glucagon reverses the symptoms
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and
hypertension
E.g: dictrazem,cardizem, amlodpine, lifedipine
✔✔Sodium channel blockers - ✔✔Antiarrhythmic medications that slow conduction
through the heart.
E.g: tricyclic antidepressants, wide QRS, bradycardia
✔✔Activated Charcoal - ✔✔An oral medication that binds and adsorbs ingested toxins
in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses.
contraindicated if there is sedation risk, vomiting risk, alcohol, caustic substances, not to
administer later than 1hr from ingestion.
✔✔why do elderly don't feel as much pain when injured? - ✔✔their myelin sheet is
breaking down causing them to feel less pain. when dealing with elders in trauma
always keep this in mind.
✔✔exocrine glands - ✔✔have ducts, releasing hormones onto membrane surfaces. E.g:
gi tract, skin
✔✔endocrine glands - ✔✔are ductless, release its hormones onto the bloodstream so
they can travel to certain areas to then produce its effects
✔✔hypothalamus - ✔✔a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating,
drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,
and is linked to emotion
