BIO 202 EXAM 2 ACTUAL TEST QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW
◉ What can edema lead to?
Answer: Tissue necrosis - dead tissue as result of blood vessels
getting smooshed
Pulmonary edema
suffocation
Cerebral edema
headaches, nausea, seizures and coma
Circulatory shock
excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low BP
◉ How is edema treated?
Answer: Exercises, Bandages
Compression garments (socks/TEDS)
Pneumatic compression
Diuretics
NO CURE
◉ Diagram lymphatic fluid flow from a capillary to a large vein,
making sure to indicate where the pressures are highest and lowest.
,Answer: Pressure in lymphatic is always lower than circulatory
system
(HIGH) Blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries ->
lymph veins -> lymph ducts -> large circ. veins (LOW)
◉ Explain the general flow of lymph through the human body.
Where are lymphatic vessels absent?
Answer: Always flowing towards the heart
Absent from bones, bone marrow, teeth and CNS
◉ Explain the importance of mini-valves in lymphatic capillaries.
Answer: Collagen filaments anchor flaps to connective tissue, so any
increase in volume opens valves
When fluid pressure in interstitial space is greater than pressure in
lymphatic capillary, minivalves open the gate - but lymph can't leak
back out because increased pressure in lymphatic capillaries keeps
gates closed
◉ Explain the relationship between lymph nodes and cancer
metastasis.
Answer: When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop
openings where larger debris and particles can enter (cancer cells
can then travel to other parts of the body)
Goes to lymph nodes where debris is cleansed and other particles
are examined
,◉ List AND describe the mechanisms of lymph flow.
Answer: Lymph flows at low pressure and speed
Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
stretching of vessels stimulates contraction
Skeletal muscle pump
Valves
Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins, draws lymph into it
Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
◉ What are lacteals? Where are they found? What purpose do they
serve?
Answer: Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
Transport lipids from digestive tract
◉ List the primary and secondary lymphatic organs.
Answer: Primary lymphatic organs:
site where T and B cells become immunocompetent (able to fight
infection)
red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphatic organs:
, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
◉ List AND describe the two basic functions of lymph nodes.
Answer: 1. Act as lymph filters with macrophages destroying
microorganisms and debris
2. Help activate immune system
Lymphocytes monitor the lymphatic stream for antigens
B cells multiply and differentiate in to plasma cells (more on this
soon!)
◉ Diagram the anatomy of a lymph node and the flow of lymphatic
fluid through a lymph node. Explain how this setup allows the body
to "scan" for pathogens.
Answer: A. structure of a lymph node: bean-shaped, less than 2.5cm
in length
Surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule
Connective tissue strands (trabeculae) divide node into
compartments
Has a cortex and medulla
Lymph enters convex side through many afferent lymphatic vessels,
exits through only 2 efferent vessels. This allows time for
lymphocytes to cleanse fluid because fluid stagnates
Lymph travels through several nodes before it's cleansed
AND CORRECT ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW
◉ What can edema lead to?
Answer: Tissue necrosis - dead tissue as result of blood vessels
getting smooshed
Pulmonary edema
suffocation
Cerebral edema
headaches, nausea, seizures and coma
Circulatory shock
excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low BP
◉ How is edema treated?
Answer: Exercises, Bandages
Compression garments (socks/TEDS)
Pneumatic compression
Diuretics
NO CURE
◉ Diagram lymphatic fluid flow from a capillary to a large vein,
making sure to indicate where the pressures are highest and lowest.
,Answer: Pressure in lymphatic is always lower than circulatory
system
(HIGH) Blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries ->
lymph veins -> lymph ducts -> large circ. veins (LOW)
◉ Explain the general flow of lymph through the human body.
Where are lymphatic vessels absent?
Answer: Always flowing towards the heart
Absent from bones, bone marrow, teeth and CNS
◉ Explain the importance of mini-valves in lymphatic capillaries.
Answer: Collagen filaments anchor flaps to connective tissue, so any
increase in volume opens valves
When fluid pressure in interstitial space is greater than pressure in
lymphatic capillary, minivalves open the gate - but lymph can't leak
back out because increased pressure in lymphatic capillaries keeps
gates closed
◉ Explain the relationship between lymph nodes and cancer
metastasis.
Answer: When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop
openings where larger debris and particles can enter (cancer cells
can then travel to other parts of the body)
Goes to lymph nodes where debris is cleansed and other particles
are examined
,◉ List AND describe the mechanisms of lymph flow.
Answer: Lymph flows at low pressure and speed
Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
stretching of vessels stimulates contraction
Skeletal muscle pump
Valves
Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins, draws lymph into it
Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
◉ What are lacteals? Where are they found? What purpose do they
serve?
Answer: Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
Transport lipids from digestive tract
◉ List the primary and secondary lymphatic organs.
Answer: Primary lymphatic organs:
site where T and B cells become immunocompetent (able to fight
infection)
red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphatic organs:
, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
◉ List AND describe the two basic functions of lymph nodes.
Answer: 1. Act as lymph filters with macrophages destroying
microorganisms and debris
2. Help activate immune system
Lymphocytes monitor the lymphatic stream for antigens
B cells multiply and differentiate in to plasma cells (more on this
soon!)
◉ Diagram the anatomy of a lymph node and the flow of lymphatic
fluid through a lymph node. Explain how this setup allows the body
to "scan" for pathogens.
Answer: A. structure of a lymph node: bean-shaped, less than 2.5cm
in length
Surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule
Connective tissue strands (trabeculae) divide node into
compartments
Has a cortex and medulla
Lymph enters convex side through many afferent lymphatic vessels,
exits through only 2 efferent vessels. This allows time for
lymphocytes to cleanse fluid because fluid stagnates
Lymph travels through several nodes before it's cleansed
