NURS 607 Exam 1 Review Questions
Answers and Detailed explanation
,Physiological responses involved in acute and chronic stress - CORRECT ANS:SNS, increased HR & BP,
release of epi & norepi, activation of the HPA axis (=cortisol).
Psychological responses involved in acute and chronic stress - CORRECT ANS:Increased alertness,
anxiety, fear, emotional distress, impaired concentration, avoidance/hypervigilance. Chronic
stress=emotional exhaustion and depression.
Effects of chronic stress on cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANS:Increased risk HTN, atherosclerosis, CV
disease (from prolonged SNS activation and elevated cortisol levels).
Effects of chronic stress on endocrine system - CORRECT ANS:Dysregulation of cortisol, insulin
resistance, metabolic syndrome, and increased risk of diabetes.
Effects of chronic stress on immune system - CORRECT ANS:Suppression of immune function, increased
susceptibility to infections, chronic inflammation, and delayed wound healing.
Effects of chronic stress on mental health - CORRECT ANS:Increased risk of anxiety disorders, depression,
cognitive decline, and emotional dysregulation.
Pathophysiology of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:involves dysregulation of the HPA axis, amygdala hyperactivity
(increased fear response), hippocampal atrophy (impaired memory processing), and altered prefrontal
cortex function (reduced emotional regulation). Persistent elevated cortisol and catecholamine levels
contribute to symptoms. (exaggerated stress response)
Risk factors of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:Exposure to severe trauma (war, assault, accidents), genetic
predisposition, prior history of anxiety or depression, lack of social support, and childhood adversity.
Etiology of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:develops after exposure to a traumatic event where the individual
experiences intense fear, helplessness, or horror, leading to intrusive thoughts, flashbacks,
hyperarousal, and avoidance behaviors.
, Four functions of cell membrane - CORRECT ANS:1. Barrier
2. Selective Permeability
3. Cell Communication
4. Structural Support
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion - CORRECT ANS:Passive, high to low concentration, no
energy
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Osmosis - CORRECT ANS:Passive movement of water, low to high
solute concentration
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Active Transport - CORRECT ANS:against a concentration gradient,
requires ATP
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Endocytosis - CORRECT ANS:Intake of substances
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Exocytosis - CORRECT ANS:Release of substances
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Covers and lines surfaces=protection, absorption, and
secretion
Characteristics of Connective Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Structural support and connects tissues (e.g., bone,
blood, cartilage)
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Facilitates movement; types include skeletal
(voluntary), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary)
Answers and Detailed explanation
,Physiological responses involved in acute and chronic stress - CORRECT ANS:SNS, increased HR & BP,
release of epi & norepi, activation of the HPA axis (=cortisol).
Psychological responses involved in acute and chronic stress - CORRECT ANS:Increased alertness,
anxiety, fear, emotional distress, impaired concentration, avoidance/hypervigilance. Chronic
stress=emotional exhaustion and depression.
Effects of chronic stress on cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANS:Increased risk HTN, atherosclerosis, CV
disease (from prolonged SNS activation and elevated cortisol levels).
Effects of chronic stress on endocrine system - CORRECT ANS:Dysregulation of cortisol, insulin
resistance, metabolic syndrome, and increased risk of diabetes.
Effects of chronic stress on immune system - CORRECT ANS:Suppression of immune function, increased
susceptibility to infections, chronic inflammation, and delayed wound healing.
Effects of chronic stress on mental health - CORRECT ANS:Increased risk of anxiety disorders, depression,
cognitive decline, and emotional dysregulation.
Pathophysiology of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:involves dysregulation of the HPA axis, amygdala hyperactivity
(increased fear response), hippocampal atrophy (impaired memory processing), and altered prefrontal
cortex function (reduced emotional regulation). Persistent elevated cortisol and catecholamine levels
contribute to symptoms. (exaggerated stress response)
Risk factors of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:Exposure to severe trauma (war, assault, accidents), genetic
predisposition, prior history of anxiety or depression, lack of social support, and childhood adversity.
Etiology of PTSD - CORRECT ANS:develops after exposure to a traumatic event where the individual
experiences intense fear, helplessness, or horror, leading to intrusive thoughts, flashbacks,
hyperarousal, and avoidance behaviors.
, Four functions of cell membrane - CORRECT ANS:1. Barrier
2. Selective Permeability
3. Cell Communication
4. Structural Support
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion - CORRECT ANS:Passive, high to low concentration, no
energy
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Osmosis - CORRECT ANS:Passive movement of water, low to high
solute concentration
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Active Transport - CORRECT ANS:against a concentration gradient,
requires ATP
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Endocytosis - CORRECT ANS:Intake of substances
Membrane Transport Mechanisms: Exocytosis - CORRECT ANS:Release of substances
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Covers and lines surfaces=protection, absorption, and
secretion
Characteristics of Connective Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Structural support and connects tissues (e.g., bone,
blood, cartilage)
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue - CORRECT ANS:Facilitates movement; types include skeletal
(voluntary), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary)
