NUR 521 ACTUAL STUDYS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is the benefit of collaboration during drug selection and prescription writing? -
✔✔Pharmacists can help with additional information regarding drug interactions, assist
with dosing, and first-hand knowledge of formulary
✔✔What information should be included in pt educational material? - ✔✔name,
purpose, dose, administration, a/e, storage, lab testing and why, interactions, duration
(what, when, where, why, how)
✔✔What is the best way to promote positive outcomes with drug therapy? -
✔✔Scheduled medication reviews with the pt to optimize medication regimens based on
pt experiences and needs
✔✔absorption - ✔✔drugs movement from its site of administration into the blood
✔✔distribution - ✔✔drugs movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues
and into cells
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure (breaking down)
✔✔What is bioavailability? - ✔✔the amount of active drug that reaches the systemic
circulation from its site of administration
✔✔Explain how the same drug manufactured by a different drug company can have
different absorption rates? - ✔✔The rate the drug is absorbed is influenced by physical
and chemical properties. drug companies use fillers and binders (inactive ingredients)
that change the bioavailability
✔✔What happens when a patient takes a drug that is metabolized by P450 enzymes if
an inducing or an inhibiting drug is added to the current drug regimen? - ✔✔drugs
metabolized by P450 are substrates that occur in the liver. Inducing drugs increase
, metabolism which DECREASES the effectiveness. Inhibiting slows down metabolism
and can INCREASE active drug accumulation leading to toxicity
✔✔Agonist - ✔✔molecules that activate receptors
i.e dobutamine
✔✔antagonist - ✔✔prevent receptor activation
i.e antihistamines block allergy producing receptors
✔✔What are ways to minimize adverse effects? - ✔✔monitor kidney, liver, bone marrow
through labs
monitor s/s
FDA special alerts (black box warnings and med guides)
✔✔What factors can contribute to medication errors? - ✔✔Prescribing practices
Oversight
Communication
✔✔What is the purpose of genetic testing? - ✔✔study of the ways genetic variations
affect individual responses to drugs through alterations in genes that code for drug
metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors
✔✔When are pregnant women most susceptible to teratogenic drugs? - ✔✔first
trimester
✔✔What are ways to minimize drug concentrations in breast milk? - ✔✔Dosing: avoid
long half life, avoid extended release, choose drugs excluded from milk (ionized or
protein bound)
FYI lipid soluble drugs enter breast milk rapidly
✔✔What changes occur in organ function of older adults? - ✔✔altered
pharmacokinetics secondary to organ system degeneration
✔✔What would you expect the renal function would be in infants related to drugs? -
✔✔renal drug excretion is lower in infants due to kidneys not being fully developed
give reduced doses or longer intervals
✔✔What lab results would you look for to establish kidney function in an older adult? -
✔✔proper index of renal function in older adults is creatine clearance - serum creatinine
levels alone do not accurately reflect kidney function in older adults due to a decrease in
lean muscle mass
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is the benefit of collaboration during drug selection and prescription writing? -
✔✔Pharmacists can help with additional information regarding drug interactions, assist
with dosing, and first-hand knowledge of formulary
✔✔What information should be included in pt educational material? - ✔✔name,
purpose, dose, administration, a/e, storage, lab testing and why, interactions, duration
(what, when, where, why, how)
✔✔What is the best way to promote positive outcomes with drug therapy? -
✔✔Scheduled medication reviews with the pt to optimize medication regimens based on
pt experiences and needs
✔✔absorption - ✔✔drugs movement from its site of administration into the blood
✔✔distribution - ✔✔drugs movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues
and into cells
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure (breaking down)
✔✔What is bioavailability? - ✔✔the amount of active drug that reaches the systemic
circulation from its site of administration
✔✔Explain how the same drug manufactured by a different drug company can have
different absorption rates? - ✔✔The rate the drug is absorbed is influenced by physical
and chemical properties. drug companies use fillers and binders (inactive ingredients)
that change the bioavailability
✔✔What happens when a patient takes a drug that is metabolized by P450 enzymes if
an inducing or an inhibiting drug is added to the current drug regimen? - ✔✔drugs
metabolized by P450 are substrates that occur in the liver. Inducing drugs increase
, metabolism which DECREASES the effectiveness. Inhibiting slows down metabolism
and can INCREASE active drug accumulation leading to toxicity
✔✔Agonist - ✔✔molecules that activate receptors
i.e dobutamine
✔✔antagonist - ✔✔prevent receptor activation
i.e antihistamines block allergy producing receptors
✔✔What are ways to minimize adverse effects? - ✔✔monitor kidney, liver, bone marrow
through labs
monitor s/s
FDA special alerts (black box warnings and med guides)
✔✔What factors can contribute to medication errors? - ✔✔Prescribing practices
Oversight
Communication
✔✔What is the purpose of genetic testing? - ✔✔study of the ways genetic variations
affect individual responses to drugs through alterations in genes that code for drug
metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors
✔✔When are pregnant women most susceptible to teratogenic drugs? - ✔✔first
trimester
✔✔What are ways to minimize drug concentrations in breast milk? - ✔✔Dosing: avoid
long half life, avoid extended release, choose drugs excluded from milk (ionized or
protein bound)
FYI lipid soluble drugs enter breast milk rapidly
✔✔What changes occur in organ function of older adults? - ✔✔altered
pharmacokinetics secondary to organ system degeneration
✔✔What would you expect the renal function would be in infants related to drugs? -
✔✔renal drug excretion is lower in infants due to kidneys not being fully developed
give reduced doses or longer intervals
✔✔What lab results would you look for to establish kidney function in an older adult? -
✔✔proper index of renal function in older adults is creatine clearance - serum creatinine
levels alone do not accurately reflect kidney function in older adults due to a decrease in
lean muscle mass
