ICVA NAVLE EXAM |ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS|BRAND NEW 2026-2027
UPDATE|GRADED A+
Question 1
Fifteen of a group of 200, 7 month old feedlot calves are lame. The calves arrived at the
feedlot approximately one month ago, and one week later, 40 of the animals developed
pneumonia. These calves were treated with oxytetracycline, and the pneumonia appeared
to resolve. On physical examination, the affect calves have swellings in the carpi, tarsi, and
stifles with distension of associated tendon sheaths, and stiff gait. Two calves are
euthanized. Postmortem eamination shows fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle
necrosis. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cuase of these signs?
a) arcanobacterium (actinomyces) pyogenes
b) histophilus somni
c ) mannheimia hemolytica
d) pasteurella multocida
e) salmonella thyphimurium
CORRECT ANSWER
B) histophilus somni
Histophilus somni is a well known cause of systemic disease in feedlot cattle, including
respiratory disease, speticemia, and polyarthritis. In this case, the calves initially developed
pneumonia, and now soe of them show signs of lameness, joint swelling, and stiff gait,
which are consistent with septic arthritis, and polyarthritis that can occur after a histophilus
somni infection
- additionally the post mortem finding of fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis
also strongly suggest histophilus soni as the causative agent.
-Known to cause arthritis, pleuritis, myocarditis, and septicemia in calves
Question 2
1
@THE STUDY VAULT
,What is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in a horse
CORRECT ANSWER
-a genetic disorder that affects muscles causing episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis.
-It is autosomal dominant
Question 3
What is the cause of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
THe disorder is caused by a mutation in the sodium channel gene, leading to increased
potassium levels in the blood. This affects the electrical activity of muscle cells, causing the
muscles to contract abnormally
Question 4
What are symptoms of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses
CORRECT ANSWER
-muscle twitching or trembling
-weakness or partial paralysis especially in hindquarters
-episodes of muscle stiffness
-respiratory issues in severe cases
-horse remains alert
Question 5
what are triggers of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
-high potassium intake from feed such as alfalfa, molasses or certain grains
2
@THE STUDY VAULT
,-stress, exercise or fasting
Question 6
how would you manage hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
-dietary modification like feeding low potassium diets and aoiding alfala and monitor
potassium intake
-medicate with acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide
-consistent exercise and minimize stress
Question 7
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Equine degenerative myeloneuropathy
B) Equine motor neuron disease
C) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
D) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
E) Tetanus
CORRECT ANSWER
D) hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
HYPP leads to episodes of periodic muscle weakness or paralysis.
3
@THE STUDY VAULT
, -Prolapse of the nictitating membrane is characteristic of HYPP due to muscle weakness in
the face
-Weakness and collapse suggest muscle paralysis or severe weakness, dog sitting posture
strongly supports this
Question 8
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Degenerative Myeloneuropathy be incorrect
CORRECT ANSWER
EDM is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progresse ataxia ( incoordination) and
weakness in young horses, particularly those deficient in vitamin E.
Although it causes weakness, EDM is more associated with ataxia ( uncoordinated
movement) rather than acute muscle fasciculations or prolapse of the nictitating membrane.
It is a chronic, progressive condition, unlike the episodic nature of HYPP
Question 9
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Motor Neuron Disease be incorrect
CORRECT ANSWER
4
@THE STUDY VAULT
VERIFIED ANSWERS|BRAND NEW 2026-2027
UPDATE|GRADED A+
Question 1
Fifteen of a group of 200, 7 month old feedlot calves are lame. The calves arrived at the
feedlot approximately one month ago, and one week later, 40 of the animals developed
pneumonia. These calves were treated with oxytetracycline, and the pneumonia appeared
to resolve. On physical examination, the affect calves have swellings in the carpi, tarsi, and
stifles with distension of associated tendon sheaths, and stiff gait. Two calves are
euthanized. Postmortem eamination shows fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle
necrosis. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cuase of these signs?
a) arcanobacterium (actinomyces) pyogenes
b) histophilus somni
c ) mannheimia hemolytica
d) pasteurella multocida
e) salmonella thyphimurium
CORRECT ANSWER
B) histophilus somni
Histophilus somni is a well known cause of systemic disease in feedlot cattle, including
respiratory disease, speticemia, and polyarthritis. In this case, the calves initially developed
pneumonia, and now soe of them show signs of lameness, joint swelling, and stiff gait,
which are consistent with septic arthritis, and polyarthritis that can occur after a histophilus
somni infection
- additionally the post mortem finding of fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis
also strongly suggest histophilus soni as the causative agent.
-Known to cause arthritis, pleuritis, myocarditis, and septicemia in calves
Question 2
1
@THE STUDY VAULT
,What is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in a horse
CORRECT ANSWER
-a genetic disorder that affects muscles causing episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis.
-It is autosomal dominant
Question 3
What is the cause of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
THe disorder is caused by a mutation in the sodium channel gene, leading to increased
potassium levels in the blood. This affects the electrical activity of muscle cells, causing the
muscles to contract abnormally
Question 4
What are symptoms of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses
CORRECT ANSWER
-muscle twitching or trembling
-weakness or partial paralysis especially in hindquarters
-episodes of muscle stiffness
-respiratory issues in severe cases
-horse remains alert
Question 5
what are triggers of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
-high potassium intake from feed such as alfalfa, molasses or certain grains
2
@THE STUDY VAULT
,-stress, exercise or fasting
Question 6
how would you manage hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
CORRECT ANSWER
-dietary modification like feeding low potassium diets and aoiding alfala and monitor
potassium intake
-medicate with acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide
-consistent exercise and minimize stress
Question 7
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Equine degenerative myeloneuropathy
B) Equine motor neuron disease
C) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
D) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
E) Tetanus
CORRECT ANSWER
D) hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
HYPP leads to episodes of periodic muscle weakness or paralysis.
3
@THE STUDY VAULT
, -Prolapse of the nictitating membrane is characteristic of HYPP due to muscle weakness in
the face
-Weakness and collapse suggest muscle paralysis or severe weakness, dog sitting posture
strongly supports this
Question 8
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Degenerative Myeloneuropathy be incorrect
CORRECT ANSWER
EDM is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progresse ataxia ( incoordination) and
weakness in young horses, particularly those deficient in vitamin E.
Although it causes weakness, EDM is more associated with ataxia ( uncoordinated
movement) rather than acute muscle fasciculations or prolapse of the nictitating membrane.
It is a chronic, progressive condition, unlike the episodic nature of HYPP
Question 9
A 3-year old Percheron mare is undergoing routine dental evaluation. Physical examination
shows bilateral prolapse of the nictitating membrane and muscle fasciculations of the
neck, shoulders, and flank. During examination, the mare's hindlimbs give way, and she
leans back in a dog-sitting posture. Rectal temperature is 100.4 degrees F (38.0 degrees C),
heart rate is 60 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 30 breaths/min.
This is a case of HYPP, why would Equine Motor Neuron Disease be incorrect
CORRECT ANSWER
4
@THE STUDY VAULT
