, 26/27 BIOL 121/BIOD 121 MODULE 3 EXA
M | NUTRIT
1. Over several months, an adult consistently consumes approximately 2,500 kcal per day
while expending about 2,300 kcal per day. Which energy state best describes this
pattern?
A) Dynamic energy equilibrium
B) Positive energy balance
C) Negative energy balance
D) Basal energy balance
Correct Answer: Positive energy balance
Rationale: Positive energy balance occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Here, intake exceeds expenditure by about 200 kcal per day. If the imbalance persists, the
excess energy can contribute to increased body energy stores and weight gain, although the
exact amount and rate vary because energy expenditure and body composition adapt over
time.
2. An individual consumes fewer calories than the body expends for several weeks. Which
outcome is most consistent with the underlying energy-balance principle?
A) Body energy stores must increase
B) Energy expenditure becomes zero
C) Stored energy must contribute to meeting energy needs
D) Dietary energy becomes irrelevant to weight regulation
Correct Answer: Stored energy must contribute to meeting energy needs
Rationale: When energy expenditure exceeds intake, the body experiences negative energy
balance. The energy deficit must be supplied from endogenous stores, including glycogen
and adipose tissue, with varying contributions from lean tissue depending on
circumstances. Persistent negative energy balance generally promotes weight loss.
3. A person's body weight has remained relatively stable for many months despite daily
variations in food intake and activity. What is the best interpretation?
A) Long-term energy intake has been approximately matched by long-term energy
expenditure
B) Energy intake and expenditure must have been identical every hour
C) Physical activity has contributed no energy expenditure
D) The person's metabolism has remained completely constant
Correct Answer: Long-term energy intake has been approximately matched by long-term
energy expenditure
,Rationale: Energy balance is best evaluated over time rather than meal by meal or hour by
hour. Intake and expenditure can fluctuate considerably from day to day while average
energy balance remains sufficiently close to equilibrium to maintain relatively stable body
energy stores.
4. During a sustained energy deficit, which tissue primarily provides the largest
expandable reserve of stored energy?
A) Bone mineral
B) Blood plasma
C) Adipose tissue
D) Connective tissue collagen
Correct Answer: Adipose tissue
Rationale: Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and represents the body's major long-term
energy reserve. During negative energy balance, stored triglycerides can be mobilized into
fatty acids and glycerol. Lean tissue may also contribute during weight loss, but adipose
tissue is the principal expandable energy-storage compartment.
5. Two people consume identical numbers of calories but have substantially different daily
energy expenditures. Why might their weight trajectories differ?
A) Calories contain different amounts of energy in different people
B) Energy balance depends on both energy intake and energy expenditure
C) Only dietary fat affects body weight
D) Body weight is independent of physical activity
Correct Answer: Energy balance depends on both energy intake and energy expenditure
Rationale: Energy balance represents the relationship between energy consumed and
energy expended. Identical intake can produce different balances when expenditure differs
because of body size, composition, activity, thermogenesis, physiology, or other factors.
Intake cannot be interpreted independently of expenditure.
6. Which component generally represents the largest portion of total daily energy
expenditure for a sedentary adult?
A) Basal or resting metabolic expenditure
B) Thermic effect of food
C) Planned exercise
D) Adaptive thermogenesis after overeating
Correct Answer: Basal or resting metabolic expenditure
Rationale: Resting or basal metabolism typically accounts for the largest component of
daily energy expenditure in sedentary adults because energy is continuously required to
sustain essential functions such as circulation, respiration, cellular activity, temperature
regulation, and organ function.
, 7. An individual begins a physically demanding job while maintaining the same food
intake. Which component of energy expenditure has changed most directly?
A) Basal metabolism necessarily doubles
B) Thermic effect of food disappears
C) Energy cost of physical activity increases
D) Digestion becomes the primary energy expenditure
Correct Answer: Energy cost of physical activity increases
Rationale: Occupational movement contributes to activity energy expenditure. Increasing
physical work raises energy expenditure even when no formal exercise program is
performed. Activity is generally the most variable component of total daily energy
expenditure.
8. After consuming a meal, the body expends energy digesting, absorbing, transporting,
and processing nutrients. This expenditure is called:
A) Basal metabolic rate
B) Adaptive thermogenesis
C) Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
D) Thermic effect of food
Correct Answer: Thermic effect of food
Rationale: The thermic effect of food is the increase in energy expenditure associated with
processing consumed nutrients. It includes digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism,
and storage. It is distinct from basal metabolism and physical activity.
9. Two adults have the same body weight, but one has substantially more lean tissue.
Which person would generally be expected to have the higher resting energy
expenditure?
A) The person with more lean tissue
B) The person with less lean tissue
C) Both must have identical expenditure
D) Body composition cannot influence resting expenditure
Correct Answer: The person with more lean tissue
Rationale: Fat-free mass is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure because
metabolically active tissues require energy continuously. Body weight alone therefore
provides less information about metabolic demand than body weight considered together
with body composition.
10. A laboratory estimates energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide production. Which technique is being used?
A) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
B) Indirect calorimetry
M | NUTRIT
1. Over several months, an adult consistently consumes approximately 2,500 kcal per day
while expending about 2,300 kcal per day. Which energy state best describes this
pattern?
A) Dynamic energy equilibrium
B) Positive energy balance
C) Negative energy balance
D) Basal energy balance
Correct Answer: Positive energy balance
Rationale: Positive energy balance occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Here, intake exceeds expenditure by about 200 kcal per day. If the imbalance persists, the
excess energy can contribute to increased body energy stores and weight gain, although the
exact amount and rate vary because energy expenditure and body composition adapt over
time.
2. An individual consumes fewer calories than the body expends for several weeks. Which
outcome is most consistent with the underlying energy-balance principle?
A) Body energy stores must increase
B) Energy expenditure becomes zero
C) Stored energy must contribute to meeting energy needs
D) Dietary energy becomes irrelevant to weight regulation
Correct Answer: Stored energy must contribute to meeting energy needs
Rationale: When energy expenditure exceeds intake, the body experiences negative energy
balance. The energy deficit must be supplied from endogenous stores, including glycogen
and adipose tissue, with varying contributions from lean tissue depending on
circumstances. Persistent negative energy balance generally promotes weight loss.
3. A person's body weight has remained relatively stable for many months despite daily
variations in food intake and activity. What is the best interpretation?
A) Long-term energy intake has been approximately matched by long-term energy
expenditure
B) Energy intake and expenditure must have been identical every hour
C) Physical activity has contributed no energy expenditure
D) The person's metabolism has remained completely constant
Correct Answer: Long-term energy intake has been approximately matched by long-term
energy expenditure
,Rationale: Energy balance is best evaluated over time rather than meal by meal or hour by
hour. Intake and expenditure can fluctuate considerably from day to day while average
energy balance remains sufficiently close to equilibrium to maintain relatively stable body
energy stores.
4. During a sustained energy deficit, which tissue primarily provides the largest
expandable reserve of stored energy?
A) Bone mineral
B) Blood plasma
C) Adipose tissue
D) Connective tissue collagen
Correct Answer: Adipose tissue
Rationale: Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and represents the body's major long-term
energy reserve. During negative energy balance, stored triglycerides can be mobilized into
fatty acids and glycerol. Lean tissue may also contribute during weight loss, but adipose
tissue is the principal expandable energy-storage compartment.
5. Two people consume identical numbers of calories but have substantially different daily
energy expenditures. Why might their weight trajectories differ?
A) Calories contain different amounts of energy in different people
B) Energy balance depends on both energy intake and energy expenditure
C) Only dietary fat affects body weight
D) Body weight is independent of physical activity
Correct Answer: Energy balance depends on both energy intake and energy expenditure
Rationale: Energy balance represents the relationship between energy consumed and
energy expended. Identical intake can produce different balances when expenditure differs
because of body size, composition, activity, thermogenesis, physiology, or other factors.
Intake cannot be interpreted independently of expenditure.
6. Which component generally represents the largest portion of total daily energy
expenditure for a sedentary adult?
A) Basal or resting metabolic expenditure
B) Thermic effect of food
C) Planned exercise
D) Adaptive thermogenesis after overeating
Correct Answer: Basal or resting metabolic expenditure
Rationale: Resting or basal metabolism typically accounts for the largest component of
daily energy expenditure in sedentary adults because energy is continuously required to
sustain essential functions such as circulation, respiration, cellular activity, temperature
regulation, and organ function.
, 7. An individual begins a physically demanding job while maintaining the same food
intake. Which component of energy expenditure has changed most directly?
A) Basal metabolism necessarily doubles
B) Thermic effect of food disappears
C) Energy cost of physical activity increases
D) Digestion becomes the primary energy expenditure
Correct Answer: Energy cost of physical activity increases
Rationale: Occupational movement contributes to activity energy expenditure. Increasing
physical work raises energy expenditure even when no formal exercise program is
performed. Activity is generally the most variable component of total daily energy
expenditure.
8. After consuming a meal, the body expends energy digesting, absorbing, transporting,
and processing nutrients. This expenditure is called:
A) Basal metabolic rate
B) Adaptive thermogenesis
C) Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
D) Thermic effect of food
Correct Answer: Thermic effect of food
Rationale: The thermic effect of food is the increase in energy expenditure associated with
processing consumed nutrients. It includes digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism,
and storage. It is distinct from basal metabolism and physical activity.
9. Two adults have the same body weight, but one has substantially more lean tissue.
Which person would generally be expected to have the higher resting energy
expenditure?
A) The person with more lean tissue
B) The person with less lean tissue
C) Both must have identical expenditure
D) Body composition cannot influence resting expenditure
Correct Answer: The person with more lean tissue
Rationale: Fat-free mass is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure because
metabolically active tissues require energy continuously. Body weight alone therefore
provides less information about metabolic demand than body weight considered together
with body composition.
10. A laboratory estimates energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide production. Which technique is being used?
A) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
B) Indirect calorimetry
