BIO 322 Exam 4 V3 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 4) | Grand Canyon University
1. A 24-year-old patient presents with extreme thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained
weight loss. Laboratory results reveal a fasting blood glucose of 260 mg/dL and the presence
of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies. Which clinical manifestations are
consistent with this diagnosis? Select all that apply.
A. Polyuria
B. Weight gain
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Weight loss
F. Increased C-peptide levels
Correct Answer: A, C, D, E
Explanation: This patient presents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by the
destruction of beta cells leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. The classic symptoms are
the ‘three Ps’: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Weight loss occurs despite increased
appetite because the body breaks down fats and proteins for energy in the absence of
glucose uptake. C-peptide levels would be low or absent, not increased, as it is a marker of
endogenous insulin production.
,2. Which of the following mechanisms best describes the pathophysiology of Grave’s disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid follicular cells by T-cells
B. Hypersecretion of TSH by a pituitary adenoma
C. Inhibition of iodine uptake by the thyroid gland
D. Production of antibodies that mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder where Type II hypersensitivity
occurs. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) bind to and activate TSH receptors on
the thyroid gland. This leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and
the clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism.
3. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents with a hemoglobin level of 8.2 g/dL.
Which factor is primarily responsible for this finding?
A. Increased destruction of red blood cells in the spleen
B. Chronic blood loss during hemodialysis
C. Iron deficiency due to poor dietary intake
D. Deficiency in erythropoietin production by the kidneys
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The kidneys are responsible for producing erythropoietin (EPO), which
stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In CKD, the loss of functional renal
, tissue results in decreased EPO production, leading to normocytic normochromic anemia.
This is a common complication as the disease progresses to later stages.
4. Which clinical findings are associated with Cushing’s Syndrome? Select all that apply.
A. Moon face
B. Trunkal obesity
C. Hyperpigmentation of the skin
D. Thinning of the extremities
E. Purple striae on the abdomen
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids,
such as cortisol. The hallmark signs include fat redistribution to the face (moon face) and
trunk (trunkal obesity) while the limbs remain thin due to muscle wasting. Purple striae
develop because cortisol inhibits collagen synthesis, making the skin thin and fragile.
5. In the development of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis, what is the underlying
pathological process?
A. Direct bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma
B. Retrograde flow of infected urine from the bladder
C. Autoimmune destruction of the podocytes by cytotoxic T-cells
D. Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 4) | Grand Canyon University
1. A 24-year-old patient presents with extreme thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained
weight loss. Laboratory results reveal a fasting blood glucose of 260 mg/dL and the presence
of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies. Which clinical manifestations are
consistent with this diagnosis? Select all that apply.
A. Polyuria
B. Weight gain
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Weight loss
F. Increased C-peptide levels
Correct Answer: A, C, D, E
Explanation: This patient presents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by the
destruction of beta cells leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. The classic symptoms are
the ‘three Ps’: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Weight loss occurs despite increased
appetite because the body breaks down fats and proteins for energy in the absence of
glucose uptake. C-peptide levels would be low or absent, not increased, as it is a marker of
endogenous insulin production.
,2. Which of the following mechanisms best describes the pathophysiology of Grave’s disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid follicular cells by T-cells
B. Hypersecretion of TSH by a pituitary adenoma
C. Inhibition of iodine uptake by the thyroid gland
D. Production of antibodies that mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder where Type II hypersensitivity
occurs. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) bind to and activate TSH receptors on
the thyroid gland. This leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and
the clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism.
3. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents with a hemoglobin level of 8.2 g/dL.
Which factor is primarily responsible for this finding?
A. Increased destruction of red blood cells in the spleen
B. Chronic blood loss during hemodialysis
C. Iron deficiency due to poor dietary intake
D. Deficiency in erythropoietin production by the kidneys
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The kidneys are responsible for producing erythropoietin (EPO), which
stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In CKD, the loss of functional renal
, tissue results in decreased EPO production, leading to normocytic normochromic anemia.
This is a common complication as the disease progresses to later stages.
4. Which clinical findings are associated with Cushing’s Syndrome? Select all that apply.
A. Moon face
B. Trunkal obesity
C. Hyperpigmentation of the skin
D. Thinning of the extremities
E. Purple striae on the abdomen
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids,
such as cortisol. The hallmark signs include fat redistribution to the face (moon face) and
trunk (trunkal obesity) while the limbs remain thin due to muscle wasting. Purple striae
develop because cortisol inhibits collagen synthesis, making the skin thin and fragile.
5. In the development of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis, what is the underlying
pathological process?
A. Direct bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma
B. Retrograde flow of infected urine from the bladder
C. Autoimmune destruction of the podocytes by cytotoxic T-cells
D. Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
