BIO 322 Exam 4 V2 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 4) | Grand Canyon University
1. A patient presents with severe lethargy, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab results
reveal a high TSH and low T4. Which condition is most likely?
A. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
B. Graves’ Disease
C. Secondary Hypothyroidism
D. Thyroid Storm
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to primary
hypothyroidism, characterized by high TSH and low T4 levels. The elevation of TSH occurs
as the pituitary attempts to stimulate the failing thyroid gland. The clinical manifestations
of weight gain and cold intolerance are hallmark signs of a slowed metabolic rate.
2. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? (Select all
that apply)
A. Polydipsia
B. Polyuria
C. Weight gain
,D. Polyphagia
E. Decreased thirst
F. Unexplained weight loss
Correct Answer: A, B, D, F
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus typically presents with the classic triad of polyuria,
polydipsia, and polyphagia due to hyperglycemia and cellular starvation. Weight loss
occurs despite increased food intake because the body breaks down fat and protein stores
for energy in the absence of insulin. These symptoms reflect the acute metabolic shift
caused by an absolute insulin deficiency.
3. A patient with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is at risk for which cellular
adaptation in the distal esophagus?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Barrett’s esophagus is a condition where the normal squamous epithelium of
the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium, a process known as metaplasia. This
change is a response to chronic acid exposure from the stomach. While metaplasia is
, reversible, it significantly increases the risk for the development of esophageal
adenocarcinoma.
4. What is the primary causative factor for the majority of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) cases?
A. Helicobacter pylori infection
B. Excessive intake of spicy foods
C. High stress levels
D. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: H. pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers by weakening
the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum. This allows gastric acid to
damage the sensitive lining underneath. Treatment usually involves a combination of
antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications to eradicate the bacteria.
5. A patient is diagnosed with Cushing’s Syndrome. Which findings are consistent with this
diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
A. Moon face
B. Hypotension
C. Buffalo hump
D. Purple striae on the abdomen
E. Hypoglycemia
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 4) | Grand Canyon University
1. A patient presents with severe lethargy, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab results
reveal a high TSH and low T4. Which condition is most likely?
A. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
B. Graves’ Disease
C. Secondary Hypothyroidism
D. Thyroid Storm
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to primary
hypothyroidism, characterized by high TSH and low T4 levels. The elevation of TSH occurs
as the pituitary attempts to stimulate the failing thyroid gland. The clinical manifestations
of weight gain and cold intolerance are hallmark signs of a slowed metabolic rate.
2. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? (Select all
that apply)
A. Polydipsia
B. Polyuria
C. Weight gain
,D. Polyphagia
E. Decreased thirst
F. Unexplained weight loss
Correct Answer: A, B, D, F
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus typically presents with the classic triad of polyuria,
polydipsia, and polyphagia due to hyperglycemia and cellular starvation. Weight loss
occurs despite increased food intake because the body breaks down fat and protein stores
for energy in the absence of insulin. These symptoms reflect the acute metabolic shift
caused by an absolute insulin deficiency.
3. A patient with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is at risk for which cellular
adaptation in the distal esophagus?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Barrett’s esophagus is a condition where the normal squamous epithelium of
the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium, a process known as metaplasia. This
change is a response to chronic acid exposure from the stomach. While metaplasia is
, reversible, it significantly increases the risk for the development of esophageal
adenocarcinoma.
4. What is the primary causative factor for the majority of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) cases?
A. Helicobacter pylori infection
B. Excessive intake of spicy foods
C. High stress levels
D. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: H. pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers by weakening
the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum. This allows gastric acid to
damage the sensitive lining underneath. Treatment usually involves a combination of
antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications to eradicate the bacteria.
5. A patient is diagnosed with Cushing’s Syndrome. Which findings are consistent with this
diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
A. Moon face
B. Hypotension
C. Buffalo hump
D. Purple striae on the abdomen
E. Hypoglycemia
