BIO 322 Exam 3 V2 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon University
1. Which of the following clinical manifestations are characteristic of Nephrotic Syndrome?
(Select all that apply)
A. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Generalized edema (Anasarca)
D. Hyperlipidemia
E. Gross hematuria (cola-colored urine)
F. Lipiduria
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, F
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily characterized by increased glomerular
permeability to proteins, leading to massive proteinuria and subsequent hypoalbuminemia.
The loss of oncotic pressure results in generalized edema, while the liver increases
lipoprotein synthesis to compensate for lost proteins, causing hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.
Gross hematuria is more typical of Nephritic syndrome rather than Nephrotic syndrome.
,2. A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. What is the primary
pathophysiological mechanism responsible for this condition?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion from alpha cells
D. Decreased glucose absorption in the small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency
due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. This is usually mediated by an
autoimmune process involving T-cells and autoantibodies. Without insulin, the body
cannot transport glucose into cells, leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis.
3. Which of the following describes the pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid tissue by T-cells
B. Iodine deficiency leading to goiter
C. Production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that mimic TSH
D. Benign adenoma secreting excessive T3 and T4
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism caused by Type II
hypersensitivity. It involves the production of antibodies (TSI) that bind to and activate the
, TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. This results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones
and the characteristic enlargement of the gland.
4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents with secondary
hyperparathyroidism. What is the initiating factor for this complication?
A. Vitamin D deficiency and hypocalcemia
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Overproduction of Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys lose the ability to activate Vitamin D and excrete
phosphorus, leading to hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. The low serum calcium
levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete excess PTH to mobilize calcium from the
bones. This compensatory mechanism leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal
osteodystrophy.
5. A patient presents with ‘moon face,’ ‘buffalo hump,’ and abdominal striae. Which
laboratory finding would support a diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome?
A. Elevated serum cortisol levels
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypoglycemia
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with Rationale
(BIO322 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon University
1. Which of the following clinical manifestations are characteristic of Nephrotic Syndrome?
(Select all that apply)
A. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day)
B. Hypoalbuminemia
C. Generalized edema (Anasarca)
D. Hyperlipidemia
E. Gross hematuria (cola-colored urine)
F. Lipiduria
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, F
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily characterized by increased glomerular
permeability to proteins, leading to massive proteinuria and subsequent hypoalbuminemia.
The loss of oncotic pressure results in generalized edema, while the liver increases
lipoprotein synthesis to compensate for lost proteins, causing hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.
Gross hematuria is more typical of Nephritic syndrome rather than Nephrotic syndrome.
,2. A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. What is the primary
pathophysiological mechanism responsible for this condition?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion from alpha cells
D. Decreased glucose absorption in the small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency
due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. This is usually mediated by an
autoimmune process involving T-cells and autoantibodies. Without insulin, the body
cannot transport glucose into cells, leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis.
3. Which of the following describes the pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid tissue by T-cells
B. Iodine deficiency leading to goiter
C. Production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that mimic TSH
D. Benign adenoma secreting excessive T3 and T4
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism caused by Type II
hypersensitivity. It involves the production of antibodies (TSI) that bind to and activate the
, TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. This results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones
and the characteristic enlargement of the gland.
4. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents with secondary
hyperparathyroidism. What is the initiating factor for this complication?
A. Vitamin D deficiency and hypocalcemia
B. Hypophosphatemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Overproduction of Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys lose the ability to activate Vitamin D and excrete
phosphorus, leading to hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. The low serum calcium
levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete excess PTH to mobilize calcium from the
bones. This compensatory mechanism leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal
osteodystrophy.
5. A patient presents with ‘moon face,’ ‘buffalo hump,’ and abdominal striae. Which
laboratory finding would support a diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome?
A. Elevated serum cortisol levels
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypoglycemia
