BIOL 1951 EXAM 2 | FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION|
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, gene expression Answer: conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger
RNA and then to a protein
inborn error Answer: mutation in a gene that is inherited from one or both parents
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis Answer: the function of a gene is to dictate the production of
a specific enzyme (later modified. One gene produces one polypeptide or RNA)
transcription Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
structural genes Answer: genes that code for polypeptides
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Answer: form of RNA that carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Translation Answer: (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger
RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
central dogma Answer: DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
RNA modification Answer: A step in the processes of creating a mature mRNA in which 5' caps
and poly-A tails are added, and introns are spliced out and exons are joined together.
pre-mRNA Answer: precursor mRNA; the first strand of mRNA produced by gene transcription
that contains both introns and exons
gene Answer: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
transfer RNA (tRNA) Answer: type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes
during protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Answer: type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes,
provides the site where translation occurs
promoter Answer: A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and
indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
terminator Answer: In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the
end of a gene.
regulatory sequence Answer: Any segment of DNA that is involved in controlling transcription
of a specific gene by binding certain proteins, affects the rate of transcription
Initiation Answer: First step of transcription, separates DNA strands
sigma factor Answer: a protein that associates with RNA polymerase that facilitates its binding
to specific promoters
RNA polymerase Answer: enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides
during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, gene expression Answer: conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger
RNA and then to a protein
inborn error Answer: mutation in a gene that is inherited from one or both parents
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis Answer: the function of a gene is to dictate the production of
a specific enzyme (later modified. One gene produces one polypeptide or RNA)
transcription Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
structural genes Answer: genes that code for polypeptides
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Answer: form of RNA that carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Translation Answer: (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger
RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
central dogma Answer: DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
RNA modification Answer: A step in the processes of creating a mature mRNA in which 5' caps
and poly-A tails are added, and introns are spliced out and exons are joined together.
pre-mRNA Answer: precursor mRNA; the first strand of mRNA produced by gene transcription
that contains both introns and exons
gene Answer: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
transfer RNA (tRNA) Answer: type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes
during protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Answer: type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes,
provides the site where translation occurs
promoter Answer: A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and
indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
terminator Answer: In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the
end of a gene.
regulatory sequence Answer: Any segment of DNA that is involved in controlling transcription
of a specific gene by binding certain proteins, affects the rate of transcription
Initiation Answer: First step of transcription, separates DNA strands
sigma factor Answer: a protein that associates with RNA polymerase that facilitates its binding
to specific promoters
RNA polymerase Answer: enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides
during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
