NR 565 FINAL EXAM MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2026/2027 ALREADY
VERIFIED BY EXPERTS
"When should insulin be considered? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Type 1 Diabetics All are on insulin
Type 2 Diabetics
Step 3 - Three drug combination (inclusive of metformin)
Step 4 - Three drug therapy and basal insulin fails to reach goals after 3-6 months - injectable
regimen inclusive of insulin and possibly GLP-1 receptor agonist.
EXCEPTIONS: patient with A1C greater than 9% or greater start dual therapy (start at step 2) and
patients with A1C greater than 10 % and fasting blood glucose of 300 or more or symptomatic
may be started on combination injectable therapy immediately"
"At what time interval should A1c be re-checked? - CORRECT ANSWER=> every 3 months until
A1C drops below 7% and then every 6 months thereafter."
"Action of Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anabolic-promotes conservation of energy and buildup
of energy stores (Glycogen)
Stimulates cellular transport (Uptake) of glucose, amino acids, nucleotides & K
Promotes synthesis of complex molecules
Glucose ⇒ Glycogen, Amino Acids ⇒ Proteins, Fatty Acids ⇒ Triglycerides
Promotes cellular growth and division
Energy conservation"
"Pioglitazone contraindications - CORRECT ANSWER=> Pioglitazone is contraindicated in
patients with severe heart failure and should be used with caution in patients with mild heart
1
, failure. Should not be used in patients that have active bladder cancer or history of bladder
cancer"
"Be familiar with abbreviations of diabetic drug classifications (GLP-1, TZD, DPP4-I, SGLT2i) -
CORRECT ANSWER=> GLP-1: Glucagon-like Peptide -1 Receptor Agonist
TZD: Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl Peptidase- 4 Inhibitors (Gliptins)
SGLT2i: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors"
"Which drug class should be considered for diabetes prior to insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Biguanides (Metformin)"
"Ratio of basal insulin to rapid-acting insulin in total daily dose (TDD) of insulin - CORRECT
ANSWER=> •Basal insulin replacement encompasses approximately 50% of the total daily
insulin dose which replaces insulin from fasting (overnight) and between meals. This dose is
usually constant. Bolus insulin replacement encompasses approximately 50% of the total daily
insulin dose"
"Know the carbohydrate-to insulin ratio when calculating basal insulin - CORRECT ANSWER=>
500 / TDD : 1 unit
TDD = 0.6 units/kg/day"
"Mechanism of Action o GLP-1 - CORRECT ANSWER=> GLP-1: Augment effects of incretin
hormone GLP-1 can ↑ insulin production and inhibits postprandial glucagon release"
"Which diabetic medication(s) come with a concern of hypoglycemia? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
sulfonylureas, glinides, GLP-1, amylin mimetics, glitazones"
"Methylxanthines o Who is at risk for toxicity and why? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Older patients
are at much higher risk for toxicity when taking methylxanthines (Systemic anticholinergics are
included in BEERS criteria for potentially inappropriate use for older adult Wk. 6 module.)
Patients with liver dysfunction (increased risk for toxicity)
Untreated seizure disorder or peptic ulcer disease"
"Asthma & COPD o Step 1 therapy - CORRECT ANSWER=> •SABA → PRN"
"Complete this sentence: Manage with a ______ as needed. - CORRECT ANSWER=> SABA"
2
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2026/2027 ALREADY
VERIFIED BY EXPERTS
"When should insulin be considered? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Type 1 Diabetics All are on insulin
Type 2 Diabetics
Step 3 - Three drug combination (inclusive of metformin)
Step 4 - Three drug therapy and basal insulin fails to reach goals after 3-6 months - injectable
regimen inclusive of insulin and possibly GLP-1 receptor agonist.
EXCEPTIONS: patient with A1C greater than 9% or greater start dual therapy (start at step 2) and
patients with A1C greater than 10 % and fasting blood glucose of 300 or more or symptomatic
may be started on combination injectable therapy immediately"
"At what time interval should A1c be re-checked? - CORRECT ANSWER=> every 3 months until
A1C drops below 7% and then every 6 months thereafter."
"Action of Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anabolic-promotes conservation of energy and buildup
of energy stores (Glycogen)
Stimulates cellular transport (Uptake) of glucose, amino acids, nucleotides & K
Promotes synthesis of complex molecules
Glucose ⇒ Glycogen, Amino Acids ⇒ Proteins, Fatty Acids ⇒ Triglycerides
Promotes cellular growth and division
Energy conservation"
"Pioglitazone contraindications - CORRECT ANSWER=> Pioglitazone is contraindicated in
patients with severe heart failure and should be used with caution in patients with mild heart
1
, failure. Should not be used in patients that have active bladder cancer or history of bladder
cancer"
"Be familiar with abbreviations of diabetic drug classifications (GLP-1, TZD, DPP4-I, SGLT2i) -
CORRECT ANSWER=> GLP-1: Glucagon-like Peptide -1 Receptor Agonist
TZD: Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl Peptidase- 4 Inhibitors (Gliptins)
SGLT2i: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors"
"Which drug class should be considered for diabetes prior to insulin? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Biguanides (Metformin)"
"Ratio of basal insulin to rapid-acting insulin in total daily dose (TDD) of insulin - CORRECT
ANSWER=> •Basal insulin replacement encompasses approximately 50% of the total daily
insulin dose which replaces insulin from fasting (overnight) and between meals. This dose is
usually constant. Bolus insulin replacement encompasses approximately 50% of the total daily
insulin dose"
"Know the carbohydrate-to insulin ratio when calculating basal insulin - CORRECT ANSWER=>
500 / TDD : 1 unit
TDD = 0.6 units/kg/day"
"Mechanism of Action o GLP-1 - CORRECT ANSWER=> GLP-1: Augment effects of incretin
hormone GLP-1 can ↑ insulin production and inhibits postprandial glucagon release"
"Which diabetic medication(s) come with a concern of hypoglycemia? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
sulfonylureas, glinides, GLP-1, amylin mimetics, glitazones"
"Methylxanthines o Who is at risk for toxicity and why? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Older patients
are at much higher risk for toxicity when taking methylxanthines (Systemic anticholinergics are
included in BEERS criteria for potentially inappropriate use for older adult Wk. 6 module.)
Patients with liver dysfunction (increased risk for toxicity)
Untreated seizure disorder or peptic ulcer disease"
"Asthma & COPD o Step 1 therapy - CORRECT ANSWER=> •SABA → PRN"
"Complete this sentence: Manage with a ______ as needed. - CORRECT ANSWER=> SABA"
2
