Pathophysiology Final Review | Comprehensive Nursing Practice Questions, Verified Answers & Exam Preparation | 2026?2027
Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is Glucagon; Insulin
___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels
is __________.
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to Plasma proteins
edema due to inability to keep fluid within the vessel
membranes.
Electrolytes that are intracellular? Potassium, Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? Causes brain swelling; can be fatal
, Pathophysiology Final Review | Comprehensive Nursing Practice Questions, Verified Answers & Exam Preparation | 2026?2027
Manifestations of Hypovolemia Thirst, Altered consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia Bounding pulses, crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? Sign
What is an example of insensible water loss? Sweating & Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypotonic
extracellular to intracellular space?
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular Osmosis
compartments?
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and Diffusion
intracellular compartments?
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due Fluids (Water)
to deficiency of what?
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid- Expelling carbon dioxide
base balance?
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? 0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypertonic
intracellular to extracellular space?
What is sepsis? Severe/toxic inflammation caused by infection.
, Pathophysiology Final Review | Comprehensive Nursing Practice Questions, Verified Answers & Exam Preparation | 2026?2027
Best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents? Washing hands
What type of chemicals are released during Histamine
inflammation/swelling of a specific body area?
Why are areas of inflammation red and warm? Increased blood flow to the areas
Regarding seasonal allergies, what is the role of Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow
histamine?
Regarding the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) ; Cortisol
during the alarm stage, there is a release of what stress
hormones?
During anaphylaxis, what physical changes are going on? Bronchial constriction, Vasodilation
T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease True
Example of Passive Immunity Mom to baby through breastfeeding
Which type of White blood cells are responsible for cell- Lymphocytes (B-cells)
mediated immunity and production of immunoglobulins?
What is leukocytosis? Increased White blood cell count
Example of artificial active immunity? Vaccines
Example of artificial passive immunity? Injection of antibodies
What is an example of Type 4 (delayed) Hypersensitivity? Poison Ivy, Contact dermatitis
What is metastatic cancer? When cancer invades surrounding cells
What is the main goal of systemic chemotherapy? Kills all fast/mutated replicating cells
Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is Glucagon; Insulin
___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels
is __________.
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to Plasma proteins
edema due to inability to keep fluid within the vessel
membranes.
Electrolytes that are intracellular? Potassium, Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? Causes brain swelling; can be fatal
, Pathophysiology Final Review | Comprehensive Nursing Practice Questions, Verified Answers & Exam Preparation | 2026?2027
Manifestations of Hypovolemia Thirst, Altered consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia Bounding pulses, crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? Sign
What is an example of insensible water loss? Sweating & Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypotonic
extracellular to intracellular space?
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular Osmosis
compartments?
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and Diffusion
intracellular compartments?
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due Fluids (Water)
to deficiency of what?
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid- Expelling carbon dioxide
base balance?
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? 0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from Hypertonic
intracellular to extracellular space?
What is sepsis? Severe/toxic inflammation caused by infection.
, Pathophysiology Final Review | Comprehensive Nursing Practice Questions, Verified Answers & Exam Preparation | 2026?2027
Best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents? Washing hands
What type of chemicals are released during Histamine
inflammation/swelling of a specific body area?
Why are areas of inflammation red and warm? Increased blood flow to the areas
Regarding seasonal allergies, what is the role of Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow
histamine?
Regarding the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) ; Cortisol
during the alarm stage, there is a release of what stress
hormones?
During anaphylaxis, what physical changes are going on? Bronchial constriction, Vasodilation
T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease True
Example of Passive Immunity Mom to baby through breastfeeding
Which type of White blood cells are responsible for cell- Lymphocytes (B-cells)
mediated immunity and production of immunoglobulins?
What is leukocytosis? Increased White blood cell count
Example of artificial active immunity? Vaccines
Example of artificial passive immunity? Injection of antibodies
What is an example of Type 4 (delayed) Hypersensitivity? Poison Ivy, Contact dermatitis
What is metastatic cancer? When cancer invades surrounding cells
What is the main goal of systemic chemotherapy? Kills all fast/mutated replicating cells
