Advanced Patho Exam 1 Review Concept Quiz Answers
Latest Already Graded A+ |Questions with
Correct Answers 2026 latest update
Define and differentiate the following: Physiologic atrophy occurs with early development; for
physiologic and pathologic atrophy; example, the thymus gland involutes and atrophies.
Pathologic physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy; atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, compensatory hyperplasia pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and
nervous stimulation.
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by
increased work demands or hormonal stimulation.
Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic. With
physiologic hypertrophy, preservation of myocardial structure
characterizes postnatal development, moderate
endurance exercise training, pregnancy, and the early
phases of increased pressure and volume loading on the
adult human heart. This physiologic response is
temporary, however, and aging, strenuous exercise, and
sustained workload or stress lead to pathologic hypertrophy
with structural and functional manifestations.
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that
enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, removal of
part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver
cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
,Explain why excess sodium and water occur A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's intracellularly during hypoxic cell injury sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump and
sodium-calcium
exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation
of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular swelling and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Because all cells
are bathed in a fluid rich in calcium ions, cell membrane
damage allows rapid movement of calcium intracellularly.
The movement of water and ions into the cell causes early
dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Dilation causes the
ribosomes to detach from the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
resulting in reduced protein synthesis. With continued
hypoxia, the entire cell becomes markedly swollen, with
increased concentrations of sodium, water, and chloride and
decreased concentrations of potassium.
Determine what mechanisms occur in the 1. Increased movement of free fatty acids into the liver
liver after lipid accumulation in liver cells (starvation, for example, increases breakdown of triglycerides
in adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids that subsequently
enter liver cells) 2. Failure of the metabolic process that
converts fatty acids to phospholipids, resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides 3.
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (in-
creases in amounts of the enzyme α-glycerophosphatase,
which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) 4.Decreased
synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins) 5. Failure
of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins 6.
Failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the
cell 7. Direct damage to the endoplasmic reticulum by free
radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
Define and determine purpose of apoptosis Apoptosis has been called "cell suicide" and can occur in
normal and pathologic states. Apoptosis is essential for
removing redundant and senescent (old or dying) cells from
the body; this often occurs when an important growth factor
is no longer available to the cell (e.g., breast cells at
menopause no longer have estrogen as a growth factor).
It can also result in the degeneration of vital tissues in
response to tissue injury and inflammation.
Describe how the body reestablishes When changes to the extracellular fluid volume (ECV)
equilibrium when solute is added to osmolality occur, water moves from the compartment with
extracellular fluid, making it hypertonic lower osmolality to the compartment with higher
osmolality
until osmotic equilibrium is reestablished. In other words, the
distribution of fluid between the ICF and the ECV occurs by
osmosis
, Delineate those at risk for fluid imbalance On average, the body consists of one-third extracellular and
two-thirds intracellular fluid. This proportion can vary as a
function of body age, size, and the proportion of muscle
versus fat, as muscle contains considerably more water than
fat contains. Consider the following: Infants: 70-80% water;
kidneys immature; surface area is proportionally larger, more
rapid respirations Elderly: 46-52% water; declining kidney
function; heart failure; mental deterioration; multiple meds,
especially diuretics Obese: < 52% water because fat holds less
water than muscle; fat is hydrophobic (water repelling)
Compare and contrast capillary hydrostatic 1.Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) facilitates the
and oncotic pressure; interstitial hydrostatic outward movement of water from the capillary to
the
and oncotic pressure interstitial space. 2.Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back
into the capillary. 3.Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial
space into the capillary. 4.Interstitial oncotic pressure
osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the
interstitial space
Explain the primary factors in regulation of Water balance is regulated by: Antidiuretic
hormone water balance (ADH)/vasopressin- secreted when plasma osmolality
increases or circulating blood volume decreases & B/P drops
Perception of thirst- symptoms activate hypothalamic
osmoreceptors, causing thirst Baroreceptors
(volume/pressure sensitive receptors)- also stimulate release
of ADH Aldosterone- regulates Na+ and K+ conservation and
excretion by kidneys Natiuretic hormones- stimulates kidneys
to increase Na+ and water excretion (opposite of ADH)
Correlate the clinical manifestations of Serum sodium levels > 147 mEq/L Water is redistributed to the
hypernatremia to its pathophysiology extracellular space, and intracellular dehydration ensues.
Thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension,
tachycardia, low jugular venous pressure, and restlessness are
associated with hypernatremia as a result of water loss.
Pulmonary edema occurs when water shifts from the ICF
to the interstitial space. Central nervous system symptoms
are the most serious and are related to alterations in
membrane potentials and shrinking of brain cells.
Symptoms include muscle twitching and hyperreflexia
(hyperactive reflexes), confusion, coma, convulsions, and
cerebral hemorrhage from stretching of veins
Describe regulation of calcium/phosphate Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated by three
balance hormones: parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and
calcitonin. Acting together, these substances determine the
amount of dietary calcium and phosphate absorbed from the
intestine, the deposition and absorption of calcium and
phosphate from bone, and the renal reabsorption and
excretion of calcium and phosphate by the kidney
Latest Already Graded A+ |Questions with
Correct Answers 2026 latest update
Define and differentiate the following: Physiologic atrophy occurs with early development; for
physiologic and pathologic atrophy; example, the thymus gland involutes and atrophies.
Pathologic physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy; atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, compensatory hyperplasia pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and
nervous stimulation.
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by
increased work demands or hormonal stimulation.
Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic. With
physiologic hypertrophy, preservation of myocardial structure
characterizes postnatal development, moderate
endurance exercise training, pregnancy, and the early
phases of increased pressure and volume loading on the
adult human heart. This physiologic response is
temporary, however, and aging, strenuous exercise, and
sustained workload or stress lead to pathologic hypertrophy
with structural and functional manifestations.
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that
enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, removal of
part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver
cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
,Explain why excess sodium and water occur A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's intracellularly during hypoxic cell injury sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump and
sodium-calcium
exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation
of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular swelling and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Because all cells
are bathed in a fluid rich in calcium ions, cell membrane
damage allows rapid movement of calcium intracellularly.
The movement of water and ions into the cell causes early
dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Dilation causes the
ribosomes to detach from the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
resulting in reduced protein synthesis. With continued
hypoxia, the entire cell becomes markedly swollen, with
increased concentrations of sodium, water, and chloride and
decreased concentrations of potassium.
Determine what mechanisms occur in the 1. Increased movement of free fatty acids into the liver
liver after lipid accumulation in liver cells (starvation, for example, increases breakdown of triglycerides
in adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids that subsequently
enter liver cells) 2. Failure of the metabolic process that
converts fatty acids to phospholipids, resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides 3.
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (in-
creases in amounts of the enzyme α-glycerophosphatase,
which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) 4.Decreased
synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins) 5. Failure
of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins 6.
Failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the
cell 7. Direct damage to the endoplasmic reticulum by free
radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
Define and determine purpose of apoptosis Apoptosis has been called "cell suicide" and can occur in
normal and pathologic states. Apoptosis is essential for
removing redundant and senescent (old or dying) cells from
the body; this often occurs when an important growth factor
is no longer available to the cell (e.g., breast cells at
menopause no longer have estrogen as a growth factor).
It can also result in the degeneration of vital tissues in
response to tissue injury and inflammation.
Describe how the body reestablishes When changes to the extracellular fluid volume (ECV)
equilibrium when solute is added to osmolality occur, water moves from the compartment with
extracellular fluid, making it hypertonic lower osmolality to the compartment with higher
osmolality
until osmotic equilibrium is reestablished. In other words, the
distribution of fluid between the ICF and the ECV occurs by
osmosis
, Delineate those at risk for fluid imbalance On average, the body consists of one-third extracellular and
two-thirds intracellular fluid. This proportion can vary as a
function of body age, size, and the proportion of muscle
versus fat, as muscle contains considerably more water than
fat contains. Consider the following: Infants: 70-80% water;
kidneys immature; surface area is proportionally larger, more
rapid respirations Elderly: 46-52% water; declining kidney
function; heart failure; mental deterioration; multiple meds,
especially diuretics Obese: < 52% water because fat holds less
water than muscle; fat is hydrophobic (water repelling)
Compare and contrast capillary hydrostatic 1.Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) facilitates the
and oncotic pressure; interstitial hydrostatic outward movement of water from the capillary to
the
and oncotic pressure interstitial space. 2.Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back
into the capillary. 3.Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial
space into the capillary. 4.Interstitial oncotic pressure
osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the
interstitial space
Explain the primary factors in regulation of Water balance is regulated by: Antidiuretic
hormone water balance (ADH)/vasopressin- secreted when plasma osmolality
increases or circulating blood volume decreases & B/P drops
Perception of thirst- symptoms activate hypothalamic
osmoreceptors, causing thirst Baroreceptors
(volume/pressure sensitive receptors)- also stimulate release
of ADH Aldosterone- regulates Na+ and K+ conservation and
excretion by kidneys Natiuretic hormones- stimulates kidneys
to increase Na+ and water excretion (opposite of ADH)
Correlate the clinical manifestations of Serum sodium levels > 147 mEq/L Water is redistributed to the
hypernatremia to its pathophysiology extracellular space, and intracellular dehydration ensues.
Thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension,
tachycardia, low jugular venous pressure, and restlessness are
associated with hypernatremia as a result of water loss.
Pulmonary edema occurs when water shifts from the ICF
to the interstitial space. Central nervous system symptoms
are the most serious and are related to alterations in
membrane potentials and shrinking of brain cells.
Symptoms include muscle twitching and hyperreflexia
(hyperactive reflexes), confusion, coma, convulsions, and
cerebral hemorrhage from stretching of veins
Describe regulation of calcium/phosphate Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated by three
balance hormones: parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and
calcitonin. Acting together, these substances determine the
amount of dietary calcium and phosphate absorbed from the
intestine, the deposition and absorption of calcium and
phosphate from bone, and the renal reabsorption and
excretion of calcium and phosphate by the kidney
